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Questions and Answers
Which elements primarily make up carbohydrates?
Which elements primarily make up carbohydrates?
What is another name for carbohydrates?
What is another name for carbohydrates?
Which of the following is the simplest carbohydrate?
Which of the following is the simplest carbohydrate?
What elements are present in proteins?
What elements are present in proteins?
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What elements primarily make up lipids?
What elements primarily make up lipids?
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Which building blocks are lipids primarily made of?
Which building blocks are lipids primarily made of?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?
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Which molecule serves as the building blocks of proteins?
Which molecule serves as the building blocks of proteins?
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Which function of lipids helps maintain body temperature?
Which function of lipids helps maintain body temperature?
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Which of the following reagents is typically used to test for carbohydrates?
Which of the following reagents is typically used to test for carbohydrates?
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What are some methods to test for the presence of proteins in food samples?
What are some methods to test for the presence of proteins in food samples?
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Why is it important to test for different biological molecules?
Why is it important to test for different biological molecules?
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What are proteins primarily made from?
What are proteins primarily made from?
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Study Notes
Elements of Biological Molecules
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Carbohydrates: Composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
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Lipids (Fats): Also composed of C, H, and O, but in a different arrangement.
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Proteins: Consist of C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S)
Monomers and Polymers
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Large molecules are formed from smaller molecules called monomers.
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Polymers are large molecules composed of many subunits linked together.
Carbohydrates
- Another name: Saccharides
- Simplest carbohydrate: Monosaccharide (e.g., Glucose)
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Classes of carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., Glucose, Fructose)
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., Sucrose, Lactose)
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked together (e.g., Starch, Cellulose)
Testing for Carbohydrates
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Benedict's reagent: Tests for the presence of reducing sugars (e.g., Glucose)
- Color change: Blue to Green to Yellow to Orange to Red
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Iodine solution: Tests for the presence of starch
- Color change: Amber to Blue-Black
Lipids
- Building blocks: Fatty acids and glycerol.
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Functions:
- Energy storage: Excess fats are stored in adipose tissue.
- Heat insulation: Helps maintain body temperature (e.g., polar bears).
- Cell structure: Found in cell membranes.
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Testing for lipids:
- Sudan III stain: Turns lipids orange-red.
- Grease test: Leaves a translucent stain on paper.
Proteins
- Building blocks: Amino acids.
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Functions:
- Cell membrane structure: Found in cell membranes.
- Enzymes: Catalyze biochemical reactions.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers (e.g., Insulin)
- Antibodies: Part of the immune system.
- Tissue repair: Help repair damaged tissues.
Testing for Proteins
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Biuret reagent: Tests for the presence of proteins.
- Color change: Blue to Purple
Water
- Key component: Makes up approximately 80% of the human body.
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Functions:
- Solvent: Dissolves many substances.
- Transport: Carries nutrients and waste products.
- Digestion: Involved in chemical reactions.
- Metabolic reactions: Essential for many processes.
- Maintaining isotonicity: Regulates salt concentration in blood.
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