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Questions and Answers
Which elements primarily make up carbohydrates?
What is another name for carbohydrates?
Which of the following is the simplest carbohydrate?
What elements are present in proteins?
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What elements primarily make up lipids?
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Which building blocks are lipids primarily made of?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body?
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Which molecule serves as the building blocks of proteins?
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Which function of lipids helps maintain body temperature?
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Which of the following reagents is typically used to test for carbohydrates?
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What are some methods to test for the presence of proteins in food samples?
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Why is it important to test for different biological molecules?
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What are proteins primarily made from?
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Study Notes
Elements of Biological Molecules
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Carbohydrates: Composed of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)
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Lipids (Fats): Also composed of C, H, and O, but in a different arrangement.
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Proteins: Consist of C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S)
Monomers and Polymers
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Large molecules are formed from smaller molecules called monomers.
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Polymers are large molecules composed of many subunits linked together.
Carbohydrates
- Another name: Saccharides
- Simplest carbohydrate: Monosaccharide (e.g., Glucose)
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Classes of carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., Glucose, Fructose)
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together (e.g., Sucrose, Lactose)
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked together (e.g., Starch, Cellulose)
Testing for Carbohydrates
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Benedict's reagent: Tests for the presence of reducing sugars (e.g., Glucose)
- Color change: Blue to Green to Yellow to Orange to Red
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Iodine solution: Tests for the presence of starch
- Color change: Amber to Blue-Black
Lipids
- Building blocks: Fatty acids and glycerol.
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Functions:
- Energy storage: Excess fats are stored in adipose tissue.
- Heat insulation: Helps maintain body temperature (e.g., polar bears).
- Cell structure: Found in cell membranes.
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Testing for lipids:
- Sudan III stain: Turns lipids orange-red.
- Grease test: Leaves a translucent stain on paper.
Proteins
- Building blocks: Amino acids.
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Functions:
- Cell membrane structure: Found in cell membranes.
- Enzymes: Catalyze biochemical reactions.
- Hormones: Chemical messengers (e.g., Insulin)
- Antibodies: Part of the immune system.
- Tissue repair: Help repair damaged tissues.
Testing for Proteins
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Biuret reagent: Tests for the presence of proteins.
- Color change: Blue to Purple
Water
- Key component: Makes up approximately 80% of the human body.
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Functions:
- Solvent: Dissolves many substances.
- Transport: Carries nutrients and waste products.
- Digestion: Involved in chemical reactions.
- Metabolic reactions: Essential for many processes.
- Maintaining isotonicity: Regulates salt concentration in blood.
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