مفاهيم حقوق الإنسان الأساسية

• The document is from the Faculty of Sciences at the Lebanese University
• It is a study-note summary of human rights for the academic year 2020-2021

Core Concepts of Human Rights

• The study of human rights is an integral component of public law, meticulously shaping the relationship between individuals and the state. Constitutes a basic
• Respect for human rights is a criterion for a democratic political system.
• The need for individuals to secure freedom, esteeming their intrinsic worth and fundamental dignity, is vital. It requires defence against infringements and recognition of both rights and obligations as a base for this defence.
• Studying human rights across university faculties aligns with the international push and the UN endeavors.
• The study is driven by the Human Rights Committee, the Human Rights Council, and periodic conferences to highlight systematic human rights violations.
• Incorporating human rights into curriculums emphasizes its importance and cultivates a culture that sensitizes youth, enhancing civic engagement by educating individuals about their state rights and societal obligations.
• Democratic societies require adherence to human rights principles as a foundation.
• Upholding human rights fosters tolerance and friendship within and between communities, ensuring domestic and global peace.
• All societies should implement human rights principles as foundations for the rule of law.

Defining And Evolving Human Rights

• At its core, a multidimensional concept encompassing the individual's intrinsic value.
• Human rights are fundamental entitlements of every person, who seeks growth via unique strengths.
• These rights are integral to individuals, tied to unique existence on Earth.
• Rights exist regardless of societal acknowledgment and should be contextualized to the social, economic, cultural, and political landscape of every nation.
• The concept evolves with changing times, initially focusing on basic rights such as the right to life and freedom from torture.
• Evolving societies incorporate additional rights like intellectual freedoms, justice, and social and economic freedoms and also more modern rights.
• Connecting inherent rights to societal norms ensures an integration of natural and civil states.
• Human rights are rooted in both individual nature and social morality, and are enforced by organized communities.
• Respect for the human dignity forms the foundation for the principles of human rights.
• It's a global standard applicable to every citizen regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political leanings.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a reference for all international charters, which all people of different cultures and religions meet.
• It emphasizes classification and entitlement to inalienable dignities.

Perspectives on Human Rights

• The content and diverse viewpoints of human rights are varied.
• It is difficult to reach an all encompasing classification of human rights, however the following three categories are common:
• Physical rights
• Intellectual rights
• socioeconomic rights
• Affirming the indivisibility of rights ensures their full, non-partial provision.
• Rights of people are inalienable so they cannot be given away.
• Universality calls for rights to be assigned equally, free from color, descent, gender.
• Any infringements of human rights should be limited.
• Human dignity is connected to many facets of existance through all the rights.

Historic Sources

• The source of human rights has taken centuries of development to become what it is today
• There are elements of old beliefs, combined with civil and religious ideas
• Five pillars of human rights:
• Ancient Historical Sources
• Religious-Philosophical Sources
• Historical legal sources
• International sources
• Local sources

The source of Christianity

• Early Christianity emphasized human dignity as beings.
• The church put in laws to help with the poor.
• Individual freedoms in Christianity include:
• The right for people to choose freely.
• Respect, Love & Forgiveness

The source of Islamic

• As Christianity did, Islam emphasized people of all statuses and race
• Islam gave Women the right to practice what profession they wanted.
• Islam still recognized slavery, though they emphasized setting them from as a noble act.
• Humans should be able to live in whatever conditions they require.
• Individuals all have the ability to choose any religion they seek
• Work is necessary to uphold the world and live honorably
• No power hierarchy

Age of Enlightenment

• A 1700's movement that took hold in Europe after the English Civil War
• The goal was for people to take focus on their own rights as a human.
• The people and thoughts that helped progress those beliefs included:
• Locke
• Montesquieu
• Voltaire
• Kant

Liberalism

• Liberalism was formed from the enlightenment and the industrial revolution.
• Freedom is a core tenet and people need to be guaranteed freedoms
• Liberalism supports :
• Freedom of opinion
• Freedom of the person
• Free speech
• Liberty

Marxism

• New social mindset for humanity
• Social standing determines society
• Human rights cant exist when capitalists are running the country
• Basic rights only possible in a communistic system

International Law and Human Dignity

• Human rights should apply to all peoples equally
• No exceptions can be made except for extreme circumstances.
• Violations of Human Rights is a crime.
• Every person has the right to defense

Sources

• International covenants take center stage as treaties
• International agreements are taken very seriously
• Bilateral treaties need approval and cannot be refused

Steps of the agreement procedure:

• Getting the message out through initial contacts that both sides have approved the language.
• Negotiations occur and a document can be produced
• The document gets signed by both sides and the document gets ratifies.
• Publishing the document and distributing it

To be applied correctly, must be:

• The qualifications
• The agreement should be acceptable.
• The documentation of the subject matter.