Metrology in Energy and Environmental Engineering

<p>(xbest - X) / xbest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.1°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inability of the measuring instrument to respond instantly to changes in the input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calibration accuracy of the measuring instrument (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat transfer occurs between the sensor and the object when their temperatures are different (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperature difference between the sensor and the object affects heat transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conduct sensitivity analysis and visualize the impact of different parameters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the impact of different parameters on measurement error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response Time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overshoot (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A time delay in a system's response to changes in input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hysteresis Error (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A digital temperature sensor initially measuring 105°C before stabilizing at 100°C when heating up (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bi-metallic strip thermometer showing different readings for heating and cooling in the same furnace temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient Conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lag Error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller standard deviation of fluctuations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical circuit noise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the margin placed on the measurement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low precision can still yield accurate measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irregular changes in environmental conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of confidence in the true value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower standard deviation indicates higher precision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measurements are consistent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>95.44% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a way to determine confidence intervals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systematic errors or external influences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Value = mean ± standard deviation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It defines experimental design protocols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower standard deviation implies higher precision. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>99.73% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical measurement from the dataset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>=AVERAGE(cell.range) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Values are close to the mean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difference between the highest and lowest values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Values are spread out over a wider range (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Degrees of freedom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How the readings typically differ from the average (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>=STDEV.S(cell.range) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may not reflect individual data variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>the total of all measurements divided by the count (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates the number of occurrences of each unique value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can skew the perception of summary data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The actual or exact value of a measured variable.

The best value obtained from a measurement process.

The difference between the measured value and the true value.

The absolute error expressed as a fraction of the measured value.

The discrepancy between the measuring outcome and the true value.

Difference between true measured value and instrument reading under varying conditions.

Rapidness of a measurement system to changes in the variable being measured.

Systematic variation of parameters to observe error sensitivity.

Parameters influencing error levels in measurements, like sensor properties and immersion length.

Length that a sensor is immersed in a medium affecting measurement accuracy.

State where a system's temperature stabilizes due to heat exchange.

Presumptions made during error analysis that could affect results.

Errors that accumulate over time or due to multiple influencing factors.

Delay in a system's response to input changes.

When a system exceeds its intended setpoint temporarily.

When a system falls short of its intended setpoint temporarily.

Output depends on current input and past inputs, causing inconsistency.

A temporary heat transfer that occurs before reaching a steady state.

The final value reached by a system after all changes have stabilized.

A measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.

A range of values around the mean that likely contains the true value, based on standard deviation.

A symmetrical probability distribution where most values cluster around the mean.

In a normal distribution, 68% of data is within 1σ, 95% within 2σ, and 99.7% within 3σ of the mean.

An estimate of the amount by which the measured value could vary from the true value.

Indicates a large spread of values, suggesting variability in measurements or errors.

Indicates that values are closely clustered around the mean, showing consistency.

A measurement expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, containing 68.26% of measurements.

Variability in measurement results when repeated multiple times.

The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result.

Consistent, repeatable errors due to factors in a measurement system.

The closeness of a measured value to its true value.

Quantitative expression of doubt about a measurement result.

External factors affecting measurement results, like temperature.

The limits placed on a measurement to quantify uncertainty.

The average of a set of individual measurements.

Sum of measurements divided by total number of measurements.

Average flow rate in this context is 185.2 m³/h.

Difference between the highest and lowest values of a dataset.

The square of the standard deviation, indicating spread in data.

The way data points are spread or arranged in a dataset.

Graph that shows occurrences of data points with the same value.

Average temperature reading of 703.4°C, S=4.9°C.

Formula used in Excel to calculate average: =AVERAGE(cell.range).

Formula in Excel to find standard deviation: =STDEV.S(cell.range).

Specific values collected from a measurement process.

Describing how individual data points differ from each other.