Notes quiz

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describe the components of DNA, and explain its functional relationship to RNA and protein.

DNA is made up of sugars and phosphate groups forming a double helix structure. Nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) are attached to the sugars. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases (A-T and C-G). The sequence of these bases carries information for making RNA and proteins in a cell.

Why are mutation and recombination important in the process of natural selection and the evolution of organisms?

Mutation and recombination provide genetic diversity. Environmental factors determine which organisms survive based on their traits. This survival process is called natural selection. Genetic diversity is crucial for some organisms to adapt and survive. Those that survive may undergo more changes, leading to the evolution of the specie

Compare and contrast:

cDNA and gene

RFLP and gene

DNA probe and gene

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

rDNA and cDNA

genome and proteome

Both are DNA 2. Both are DNA 3. Both are DNA 4. Both are enzymes 5. Both are DNA 6.The proteome is the expression of the genome.

What is the purpose of culture media?

The sample is cultured to confirm the presence of the pathogen. The culture medium provides the nutrients necessary support growth of microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Why does the treatment of a wound with hydrogen peroxide result in bubbling?

Our cells and some bacteria contain an enzyme called catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide. The bubbling is due to the production of oxygen gas. Signup and view all the answers

Which selective and differential medium is used to identify Staphylococcus aureus?

Mannitol salts Agar (Selective and Differential Medium) (B) Signup and view all the answers

E. coli was incubated with aeration in a nutrient medium containing two carbon sources, and the following growth curve was made from this culture. -E.coli is placed into one dish with different types of ingredients in that one dish -The graph shows the growth of the microbes a. Explain what happens at the time marked x. b. Which substrate provided “better” growth conditions for the bacteria? How can you tell?

a. At x, E.coli had used up all of substrate 1 and needed to make new enzymes to digest/utilize substrate 2 b. The first substrate is better because it has a greater rate of growth Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium and Streptococcus are both catalase-negative. Streptococcus grows by fermentation. Why is Clostridium killed by oxygen, whereas Streptococcus is not?

Streptococcus is okay with oxygen while Clostridium doesn't like oxygen and is actually killed by oxygen because it is anaerobic Signup and view all the answers

Most laboratory media contain a fermentable carbohydrate and peptone because the majority of bacteria require carbon, nitrogen, and energy sources in these forms. How are these three needs met by glucose–minimal salts medium?

the glucose–minimal salt medium meets the bacteria's needs for carbon, nitrogen, and energy, allowing them to grow and thrive in the laboratory setting. Signup and view all the answers

Flask A contains yeast cells in glucose–minimal salts broth incubated at 30°C with aeration. Flask B contains yeast cells in glucose–minimal salts broth incubated at 30°C in an anaerobic jar. The yeasts are facultative anaerobes.

a. Which culture produced more ATP? b. Which culture produced more alcohol? c. Which culture had the shorter generation time? d. Which culture had the greater cell mass? e. Which culture had the higher absorbance?

a. Flask A because aeration is more effective at producing ATP than anaerobic way in other words fermentation. b. Flask B because it uses fermentation. Fermentation produces alcohol c. Signup and view all the answers

Components of DNA

DNA is composed of sugar-phosphate backbones and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine).

DNA's relationship to RNA and protein

DNA's base sequence dictates the production of RNA, which in turn directs protein synthesis.

Mutation and recombination's role in evolution

Mutations and recombination create genetic diversity, enabling organisms to adapt to changing environments during natural selection, thus driving evolution.

Culture media purpose

Culture media provide nutrients to support microbial growth, enabling observation and identification of pathogens.