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Questions and Answers
What is the role of hepcidin in iron metabolism?
What is the role of hepcidin in iron metabolism?
Transferrin can bind only one molecule of iron at a time.
Transferrin can bind only one molecule of iron at a time.
False
What triggers ferric iron to attach to transferrin?
What triggers ferric iron to attach to transferrin?
When the pH is 7.4
Ferroportin is the only known protein that exports iron across ________.
Ferroportin is the only known protein that exports iron across ________.
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Match the components of iron transport with their functions:
Match the components of iron transport with their functions:
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What is anisocytosis?
What is anisocytosis?
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Megaloblastic erythropoiesis is caused by Vitamin B12 or Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency.
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis is caused by Vitamin B12 or Vitamin B9 (Folate) deficiency.
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What is the typical MCV range for normal red blood cells?
What is the typical MCV range for normal red blood cells?
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Microcytic red blood cells typically have an MCV of less than _____ fL.
Microcytic red blood cells typically have an MCV of less than _____ fL.
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Match the following types of anemia to their causes:
Match the following types of anemia to their causes:
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What is the role of Methemoglobin Reductase?
What is the role of Methemoglobin Reductase?
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Sulfhemoglobin is formed by the reversible oxidation of hemoglobin.
Sulfhemoglobin is formed by the reversible oxidation of hemoglobin.
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List two exogenous sources of Sulfhemoglobin.
List two exogenous sources of Sulfhemoglobin.
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When hemoglobin is oxidized, the molecule changes and may form ______.
When hemoglobin is oxidized, the molecule changes and may form ______.
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What can be a toxic effect of high levels of COHb?
What can be a toxic effect of high levels of COHb?
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Match the drugs with their association to Sulfhemoglobin:
Match the drugs with their association to Sulfhemoglobin:
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What color does methemoglobin typically present?
What color does methemoglobin typically present?
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Individuals with high COHb levels can experience polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism.
Individuals with high COHb levels can experience polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism.
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Which condition is characterized by autoagglutination of red blood cells?
Which condition is characterized by autoagglutination of red blood cells?
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Rouleaux formation occurs when red blood cells are stacked like coins.
Rouleaux formation occurs when red blood cells are stacked like coins.
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What is the main confirmatory test for hyperproteinemia indicated in the content?
What is the main confirmatory test for hyperproteinemia indicated in the content?
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RBC clumping in cold temperatures is an example of __________.
RBC clumping in cold temperatures is an example of __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which substance hampers the formation of rouleaux?
Which substance hampers the formation of rouleaux?
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In autoagglutination, the individual RBCs cannot be outlined clearly.
In autoagglutination, the individual RBCs cannot be outlined clearly.
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What morphology do normal red blood cells exhibit?
What morphology do normal red blood cells exhibit?
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What is a characteristic of normal red blood cells?
What is a characteristic of normal red blood cells?
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True rouleaux formation is a significant factor in determining the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
True rouleaux formation is a significant factor in determining the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
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What are the diameters of normal red blood cells?
What are the diameters of normal red blood cells?
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Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by _____ red blood cells.
Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by _____ red blood cells.
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Which condition is associated with microcytic red blood cells?
Which condition is associated with microcytic red blood cells?
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The central pallor of a normal red blood cell constitutes half its diameter.
The central pallor of a normal red blood cell constitutes half its diameter.
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Match the types of anemia with their corresponding categories:
Match the types of anemia with their corresponding categories:
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What is anisocytosis?
What is anisocytosis?
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Study Notes
Methemoglobin Reductase
- Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is unable to bind to oxygen
- In methemoglobin, the iron atom in heme is in the ferric (Fe3+) state rather than the ferrous (Fe2+) state
- Methemoglobin reductase is an enzyme that reduces ferric (Fe3+) iron back to the ferrous (Fe2+) state
- This enzyme helps to maintain the normal function of hemoglobin
Heinz Bodies
- Heinz bodies are inclusions found within red blood cells
- They are precipitated denatured hemoglobin
- Heinz bodies are a result of oxidative damage to hemoglobin
- They are formed by the precipitation of denatured hemoglobin within the red blood cell
- The text mentions that Heinz bodies can decrease red blood cell survival
Sulfhemoglobin
- Sulfhemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is unable to bind to oxygen
- It is formed by the irreversible oxidation of hemoglobin
- It can be caused by exposure to certain drugs such to sulfonamides, phenacetin, acetanilide, and phenazopyridine
- It can also be caused by exposure to environmental pollutants, such as industrial pollutants and tobacco smoke
- Sulfhemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than normal hemoglobin
- Individuals with high levels of sulfhemoglobin are more susceptible to hypoxia
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Carbon monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin with a much higher affinity than oxygen
- This prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin, leading to hypoxia
- COHb levels can be as high as 15% in smokers
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells
- It is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body
- Oxygen binds to the heme component of hemoglobin
Iron Cycle and Transport
- Transferrin is a protein that transports iron throughout the body
- Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
- Iron is transported to bone marrow for red blood cell production
- Iron is stored in the liver and spleen
Hepcidin
- Hepcidin is a hormone that regulates iron absorption
- It is produced by the liver
- Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, which is a protein that transports iron across cell membranes
- Hepcidin reduces the absorption of iron
- Hepcidin production is increased in high iron stores and decreased in low iron stores
Transferrin Receptors
- Transferrin receptors bind to transferrin, which is a protein that transports iron throughout the body
- Transferrin receptors are found on the surface of red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow
Ferritin
- Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body
- Ferritin can bind to ferric (Fe3+) iron
- Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, and other tissues
Clinical Significance
- Rouleaux formation is a stacking of red blood cells
- It can be caused by increased levels of proteins in the blood, such as globulin and fibrinogen
- Rouleaux formation is often seen in hyperproteinemia and multiple myeloma
- When the text mentions "true rouleaux", it refers to rouleaux formation caused by increased levels of proteins in the blood
- When it mentions "artifactual rouleaux" it is caused by a technical issue with the blood smear.
- Autoagglutination is the clumping of red blood cells
- It can be caused by autoantibodies, which are antibodies that attack the individual's own body
- Autoagglutination is often seen in cold agglutinin disease, where red blood cells clump at cold temperatures
Red Blood Cell Morphology
- Red blood cells are normally biconcave discs (discocytes)
- This shape is optimal for gas transport
- Macrocytic red blood cells are larger than normal red blood cells
- Macrocytosis is often seen in megaloblastic anemia
- Microcytic red blood cells are smaller than normal red blood cells
- Microcytosis is often seen in iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia
- Anisocytosis is the variation in red blood cell size
- Anisocytosis is often seen in iron deficiency anemia
- Oval macrocytes are oval-shaped red blood cells that are larger than normal red blood cells
- Oval macrocytes are often seen in megaloblastic anemia
- The text mentions that oval macrocytes have "markedly increased MCV"
- MCV is the mean corpuscular volume, which is a measure of the average size of red blood cells
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to methemoglobin and its effects on hemoglobin function. It explores the roles of methemoglobin reductase, the significance of Heinz bodies, and the formation of sulfhemoglobin. Test your understanding of these critical topics in hematology.
