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Why do we often think of time as a limited resource and a valuable commodity?
Which term best describes the relationship between conceptual metaphors and the statements we make about time?
What is the main reason behind our tendency to use phrases like 'You're wasting my time'?
How does Lakoff suggest our culture influences the statements we make?
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Why has Lakoff's theory gained renewed relevance since 2016?
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What does Lakoff emphasize about popular media and statements by politicians?
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Which factor is important for individuals to consider regarding language use, according to Lakoff?
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'You're wasting my time' is an example of a statement influenced by the conceptual metaphor that ________.
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'This gadget is a real timesaver' reflects the conceptual metaphor that ________.
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'I need to budget my time better' relates to the conceptual metaphor that ________.
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Memory is not affected by the language used during encoding and retrieval processes.
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All theories about concepts agree that a category and a concept cannot have a label.
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In deductive logic, imprecise language use can still result in determining a valid argument.
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The linguistic label of categories does not play an important role in accessing categorical information.
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Concepts are exclusively defined by language according to the text.
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Language and thinking are not closely intertwined.
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The chapters on similarity, attention, semantic memory, and concepts were not concerned with mental representations.
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This chapter will not examine the interaction between language and thinking.
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Human language is not different from other forms of communication in non-human species.
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Linguistic determinism suggests that language influences our thoughts and cognition.
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When remembering what you ate for dinner, your inner monologue is not involved in the memory retrieval process.
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Language plays a crucial role in guiding memory retrieval according to the text.
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Memories themselves do not influence the inner dialogue during the memory retrieval process.
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If you had to explain the results of your memory search to someone else, language would not be necessary.
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Inner voice, which is part of the working memory system, is not involved in the process of probing your memory for information.
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According to the explanation, the constraint satisfaction theory suggests that we use our knowledge of what words and ideas co-occur to arrive at comprehension.
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The serial model is also known as the garden path model, where we construct a mental model of a 'sentence bush' instead of a 'sentence tree' as we hear the words.
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When we hear 'The horse raced past the barn fell', it fits with the semantics and syntactic structure we create.
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Both theories mentioned in the text emphasize that mental representations are constructed as we write them.
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According to the explanation, when we hear 'The horse raced past the barn', we generate an expectation or inference that something might not come after.
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The garden path sentence in the provided context is an example of a well-constructed sentence.
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The interview at the University of Western Ontario took place in March 2003.
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The Shock and Awe campaign was a US-led military action against Iran.
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Linguistic inferences are not necessary when dealing with ambiguity in sentences.
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The Fox News Network's original slogan 'Fair and Balanced News' explicitly implies that its competitors are unfair and unbalanced.
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Canada's government supported the US during the Shock and Awe campaign.
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In 2003, the person speaking was a faculty member at a university.
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In 2003, it was common for people to access news coverage from various international media sources.
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The interviewee left the United States for Canada on the same day the Shock and Awe campaign began.
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Language and thinking are not closely interconnected according to the text.
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According to Kempton, the 'valve theory' is the correct theory in understanding thermostat adjustment behavior.
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Kempton found that people relying on the 'feedback theory' tend to make more extreme adjustments to the thermostat.
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The metaphorical concept of happiness being 'up' is an example of a universal cognitive metaphor.
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'Consciousness is up' is a metaphorical concept that reflects a conceptual similarity between a physical thing and a psychological concept.
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Linguistic determinism suggests that language does not influence our thoughts and cognition.
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According to Berlin and Kay, all languages contain terms for dark and light.
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The presence of a basic colour term in a language indicates a narrow class of objects that it applies to.
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Red is not a very salient color for humans as it is not associated with hot things and blood.
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Berlin and Kay's work completely supports the linguistic determinism hypothesis.
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Eleanor Rosch conducted a test in Papua New Guinea to determine whether speakers of languages with few color terms have difficulty categorizing colors with the same name.
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The inner voice, part of the working memory system, is heavily involved in making rapid intuitive decisions.
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According to the influential dual-system approach, non-conscious processes play a minimal role in thinking behaviors.
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Human language can definitively be defined within the scope of this textbook.
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System 1 thought, according to Evans and Stanovich (2013), relies heavily on linguistic influences.
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Most thinking processes occur outside of explicit conscious awareness.
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Language plays a minor role in guiding memory retrieval processes as per the text.
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The default-interventionist approach suggests that conscious, linguistically influenced thoughts override non-conscious processes in thinking behaviors.
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'What is Language?' is a question that can definitively be answered within this chapter according to the text.
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The interviewee was born and raised in Canada.
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The Shock and Awe campaign in Iraq began in February 2003.
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The University of Western Ontario is where the interviewee currently works.
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The Canadian government supported the US during the Shock and Awe campaign.
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Language is not closely intertwined with thinking according to the text.
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In 2003, it was common for people to access news coverage from various international media sources.
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All languages contain terms for dark and light.
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The Shock and Awe campaign began after the interviewee had arrived in Canada for their interview.
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The Shock and Awe campaign was a US-led military action against Iran according to the text.
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Canada's government supported the US-led military action against Saddam Hussein's government.
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Memory retrieval is not affected by the language used during encoding and retrieval processes.
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Most people in 2003 received their news primarily through social media platforms.
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Human language is no different from other forms of communication in non-human species according to the text.
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Inner voice, which is part of the working memory system, is not involved in the process of probing your memory for information.
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'You're wasting my time' is an example of a statement influenced by the conceptual metaphor that ________.
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'I need to budget my time better' relates to the conceptual metaphor that ________.
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Donkey initially understands Shrek's analogy comparing ogres to onions correctly.
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Shrek's analogy of 'ogres are like onions' is an example of a metaphor used in the text.
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Children at a certain age, early in primary school, likely have more knowledge about atomic structure than the solar system.
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'An atom is like the solar system' analogy encourages the understanding that each atom has a nucleus and is surrounded by electrons.
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The text suggests that the surface-level similarities between ogres and onions are what make Shrek's analogy funny.
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'Ogres are like onions' is a statement that directly reflects the concept of linguistic determinism.
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The deeper analogy of 'ogres are like onions' emphasizes that external appearances can be deceiving.
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The text discusses how children's knowledge of the solar system helps them better understand atomic structure through analogies.
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Eleanor Rosch found widespread agreement for colours with the highest saturation when selecting the 'best example' of a colour category.
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Rosch's experiment involved teaching subjects new names for 16 different colour word pairs.
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According to Rosch, English speakers would have difficulty learning a paired associate for a focal colour because it wouldn't activate the prototype for an existing colour category.
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When selecting a new colour in a word processing program, the focal colour seems to be the best example of a particular colour category.
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Rosch's experiment in Papua New Guinea aimed to determine if speakers of languages with few color terms have difficulty categorizing colors with the same name.
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Rosch's findings suggest that the linguistic label of categories plays an important role in accessing categorical information.
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According to Rosch, subjects had no difficulty learning paired associates for focal colours as they activated prototypes for existing color categories.
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The focal color for each category was identified by Rosch based on its resemblance to other colors within the same category.
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Study Notes
Cognitive Metaphors
- Cognitive metaphors are common in English and many other languages, suggesting a universality to these metaphors and a commonality among cultures between language and thought.
- Examples of cognitive metaphors include "control is like being above something" and "consciousness being 'up' relates to the notion of standing up when you are awake".
- The universality of these metaphors may be due to their connection to physical states of being, such as overpowering someone in a physical confrontation.
Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism
- Language and linguistic context have an effect on thinking, influencing how we remember things, think about things, and make decisions.
- The analogy between the solar system and the atom, where the sun keeps the planets in orbit and the nucleus keeps the electron in check, is an example of how language influences thought.
Conceptual Metaphors
- George Lakoff suggests that conceptual metaphors play a big role in how a society thinks of itself and in politics.
- Conceptual metaphors, such as "the war in Iraq" versus "the war on Iraq", can constrain and influence the thinking process.
- Examples of conceptual metaphors include:
- An argument is like a war, where you might say "I shot down his arguments" or "Watch this guy totally destroy climate change denial in two minutes".
- An argument is like a game of chance, where you might say "You win some, you lose some".
- These metaphors can shape how we think and communicate about abstract concepts.
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Description
Explore the concept of control through common metaphors used in language, such as 'being on top of the situation' or 'working under someone'. Discover how these cognitive metaphors are prevalent across various languages and cultures, shedding light on the relationship between language and thought.
