Questions and Answers
How are igneous rocks formed?
By the cooling of molten magma or lava near, at, or below the Earth's surface
What are the primary causes of metamorphism?
Heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids
What can occur during metamorphism?
Partial melting to a viscous state and flow
What changes during metamorphism?
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What intensities does metamorphism occur along?
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How are sedimentary rocks formed?
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What type of metamorphism occurs when rocks are subjected to both heat and pressure on a regional scale?
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What are the main sources of heat involved in metamorphism?
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What type of metamorphism occurs when rocks are intruded by magma, resulting in primarily temperature changes?
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Under what conditions does dynamic metamorphism occur?
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What occurs with igneous activity and the presence of water during contact metamorphism?
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What provides energy for chemical reactions to proceed during metamorphism?
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What two high-pressure minerals are commonly identified in impact craters formed by meteorite collisions?
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What is the result of body force during metamorphism?
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Study Notes
Igneous Rocks
- Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Metamorphism
- Primary causes of metamorphism: heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.
- During metamorphism: mineral composition, structure, and texture of rocks can change.
- Changes during metamorphism: mineral recrystallization, phase changes, and neocrystallization.
- Metamorphism occurs at varying intensities: low-grade, high-grade, and shock metamorphism.
Sedimentary Rocks
- Sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation, compression, and cementation of sediments.
Types of Metamorphism
- Regional metamorphism: occurs when rocks are subjected to both heat and pressure on a regional scale.
- Contact metamorphism: occurs when rocks are intruded by magma, resulting in primarily temperature changes.
- Dynamic metamorphism: occurs under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, typically during mountain building.
Heat Sources and Energy
- Main sources of heat involved in metamorphism: Earth's internal heat, radioactive decay, and tectonic activity.
- Energy for chemical reactions during metamorphism is provided by: heat, pressure, and chemical potential.
Impact Craters and Minerals
- High-pressure minerals commonly identified in impact craters formed by meteorite collisions: coesite and stishovite.
Body Force
- Result of body force during metamorphism: folding and deformation of rocks.
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