Lecture 2

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary intervention method used in the study to improve cognitive performance in older adults?

Conventional multimodal group sessions

Interactive video gaming via X-Box Kinect Sports (correct)

Standardized cognitive training programs

Aerobic exercise classes

Which game was NOT included in the interactive video gaming sessions?

Beach volleyball

Soccer

Table tennis

Basketball (correct)

What specific aspect of cognitive function showed significant improvement in the IVG group?

Short-term memory retention

Visual learning speed

Memory recall accuracy

Total number of correct responses on the Stroop Task (correct)

How often did the participants attend the interactive video gaming sessions per week during the intervention?

Twice a week Signup and view all the answers

In comparison to the conventional multimodal group, what was the overall efficacy of IVG in the study?

More effective in improving global cognitive performance and functional capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of encoding processes in memory formation?

To enable cues for future retrieval of information Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory aid would likely be classified as an external memory aid?

Appointment book Signup and view all the answers

In the E-I-E-I-O Model of Memory, what defines implicit memory?

It is the effortless recollection of previously learned information. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies for improving memory in older adults as suggested by the content?

Engagement in physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of memory type and aid is incorrectly matched?

Explicit - Sandpaper letters Signup and view all the answers

How does spaced retrieval function as a memory aid?

Through repeated practice at increasing intervals Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of color-coded maps in memory strategies?

They serve as external memory aids for implicit memory. Signup and view all the answers

What demographic was targeted in the video gaming study exploring cognitive functioning?

Older adults over 65 with memory complaints Signup and view all the answers

Which memory strategy specifically relies on mental processes rather than environmental resources?

Mental imagery Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the E-I-E-I-O model helps identify the memory aid's function?

Whether the information is recalled consciously or unconsciously Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a person's understanding of how memory works and their beliefs about it?

Metamemory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors has been found to positively influence memory performance?

Exercise & Diet Signup and view all the answers

How do older adults generally view their memory based on research findings?

As less stable and likely to deteriorate Signup and view all the answers

In terms of memory monitoring, what capability does not decline with age?

The ability to track memory performance Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of an older adult's view on memory could lead to decreased performance on memory tasks?

Low memory self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What are mnemonics typically considered as?

Deliberate strategies to enhance memory Signup and view all the answers

What common factor is essential for improving memory through training?

Paying attention Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metamemory

Metamemory is knowledge about how memory works and what we believe is true about it.
Memory monitoring is the awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now.
Older adults seem to know less about how memory works than younger adults.
Older adults view memory as less stable, expect that memory will deteriorate with age, and perceive they have less control over memory.
The ability to monitor one’s memory does not appear to decline with age.
Older adults with greater memory monitoring are more likely to use effective strategies.
Memory self-efficacy is the belief that one will be able to perform a specific task.
Older adults with lower memory self-efficacy perform lower on memory tasks.

Factors that Influence Memory

Exercise and diet can influence memory.
Multilingualism has a positive impact on cognitive functioning and may improve memory.
Semantic memory can help with episodic memory by providing context and connections.
Negative stereotypes about memory can negatively impact memory performance.

Memory Strategies

Memory strategies are deliberate activities designed to improve memory, such as mnemonics.
Training in memory strategies has positive effects.
Common factors in memory strategies include:
- Paying attention
- Linking new information to known information
- Encoding processes enable cues for future retrieval of information, it is key to encode information in a meaningful way.
The "memory palace" strategy is a powerful technique for remembering information (see Week 6 optional content).

E-I-E-I-O Model of Memory

Used for categorizing different types of memory aids.
Combines explicit and implicit memory with external and internal memory aids.
Explicit memory is conscious and intentional recollection of information.
Implicit memory is effortless and unconscious recollection of information.
External memory aids rely on environmental resources.
Internal memory aids rely on mental processes.

E-I-E-I-O Model of Memory Examples

Explicit Memory - External Memory Aids: Appointment book, grocery list.
Explicit Memory - Internal Memory Aids: Mental imagery, rote rehearsal.
Implicit Memory - External Memory Aids: Colour-coded maps, sandpaper letters.
Implicit Memory - Internal Memory Aids: Spaced retrieval, conditioning.

Activity: Memory Strategies

Discuss unique memory strategies in pairs or small groups.
Consider how to use knowledge about self-evaluation of memory for older adults in a senior center or aged care facility.

Interactive Video Gaming and Memory in Older Adults

Rationale: Physical activity is linked to minor improvements in cognitive functioning for older adults.
Aim: To investigate the effects of a 12-week active video gaming intervention on the cognitive functioning of older adults with memory complaints.
Sample: 45 participants (aged > 65, M = 72.4) experiencing memory complaints recruited from retirement homes.
Method:
- Completed pre-tests (including measures of physical and cognitive function).
- Completed intervention (interactive video gaming; IVG) vs comparison (conventional multimodal group) – 2 x 1-hour weekly session for 12 weeks.
- IVG - via X-Box Kinect Sports (6 games).
- Completed post-tests.

Interactive Video Gaming and Memory in Older Adults - Results

IVG was more effective than the CMG in improving global cognitive performance and functional capacity in older adults with memory complaints.
The IVG group showed significant improvements in:
- The total number of correct responses on the Stroop Task.
- Average reaction time of correct colour words.
- Functional capacity – e.g., 6-min walk time.

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Description

Explore the concepts of metamemory and how it influences memory performance, especially in older adults. This quiz examines factors such as memory monitoring, self-efficacy, and the impact of lifestyle choices on memory. Test your knowledge about the relationship between age and memory function.