bonding

-the delocalised sea of electrons (valence electrons) are mobile, so can move freely throughout the metallic lattice -these mobile electrons can carry a charge throughout the structure, and the mobile sea of e- move toward the positive terminal of power supply while the positive metal ions remain stationary in their fixed positions

-e- within sea of e- are mobile and so can carry heat energy (as kinetic energy) throughout metal lattice -the vibration of metallic ions also contributes to the flow of heat through the metal lattice

bonding btwn metal ions and sea of e- is non-directional -individual metal cations can move in relation to each other without breaking the bonds between them and the sea of electrons -allowing metal to change shape

<p>-strong attractive forces between metal ions and sea of e- hold the metallic lattice together -as a result lots of thermal energy is needed to disrupt the lattice and allow the metal to melt hence the high melting point hence solid at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>in ionic solid the IONS are tightly held in fixed positions within lattice -thus unable to move and carry charge</p> <ul> <li>e- within ionic lattice are also tightly held by individual ions and hence also unable to move and carry charge through the ionic solid -absence of mobile charged particles means ionic solids are non-conductors of electricity</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-individual cations and anions are mobile and can carry charge throughout the ionic liquid (or solution) -(aq): their mobility and charge enable them to conduct an electric current through the sol'n -both +ve and -ve ions carry charge, and the cations move toward -ve electrode while anions move toward +ve electrode -hence conducting electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-if large force applied to ionic lattice, cause layers of ions to move -causing charged ions to align alongside one another -so like charges will align, repulsive forces will exceed attractive forces, and hence the layers will repel, causing the lattice to break apart rather than dent or bend</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-strong electrostatic attractive forces between ions -strong attractive forces extend throughout ionic lattice keeping individual ions in fixed postions -thus large thermal energy needed to overcome these strong electrostatic forces of attraction hence the high melting and boiling point</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-e- within covalent molecular substance are localised within each atom's electron cloud or as shared electrons within covalent bonds, hence it being immobile -these substances don;'t contain ions, -the absence of any freely mobile charged particles explains why covalent molecular substances are non-conductors of electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-covalent molecular substances exhibit weak intermolecular forces between neighbouring molecules -hence require low amount of thermal energy to overcome these weak attractions -hence they're weak and soft</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>e- in these substances are held in fixed positions within the atom's shells, lone pairs or covalent bonds hence it's immobile absence of charged mobile particles = unable to conduct electricity or heat through substance</p> Signup and view all the answers