Questions and Answers
Which physical property is characteristic of metals?
What tends to happen to metals during chemical reactions?
Which of the following is a common use of non-metals?
Which metal is ranked highest in the reactivity series?
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Which property differentiates non-metals from metals?
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In which form do non-metals exist at room temperature?
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What is the result of metals reacting with acids?
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Which of the following is a use of metals in daily life?
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When non-metals react with metals, what type of compounds do they typically form?
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Which non-metal compound is commonly used in the production of plastics?
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Study Notes
Metals and Non-Metals Study Notes
Physical Properties
-
Metals:
- Good conductors of heat and electricity.
- High melting and boiling points.
- Malleable (can be hammered into sheets).
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires).
- Lustrous (shiny appearance).
- Generally solid at room temperature (except mercury).
-
Non-Metals:
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity (insulators).
- Lower melting and boiling points compared to metals.
- Brittle in solid state (breaks easily).
- Not ductile or malleable.
- Dull appearance (not shiny).
- Can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature (e.g., oxygen, sulfur).
Chemical Properties
-
Metals:
- Tend to lose electrons during chemical reactions, forming positive ions (cations).
- React with acids to produce hydrogen gas and salt.
- React with oxygen to form metal oxides (e.g., rust in iron).
- Can react with non-metals (e.g., sodium with chlorine to form sodium chloride).
-
Non-Metals:
- Tend to gain electrons during chemical reactions, forming negative ions (anions).
- Can react with metals to form ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl).
- React with oxygen to form non-metal oxides (e.g., carbon dioxide from carbon).
- Exhibit various oxidation states and can participate in covalent bonding.
Uses In Daily Life
-
Metals:
- Used in construction (steel, aluminum).
- Electrical wiring (copper).
- Cooking utensils (stainless steel).
- Transportation (cars, airplanes).
- Jewelry (gold, silver).
-
Non-Metals:
- Used in fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus).
- Water purification (chlorine).
- Medical applications (oxygen therapy).
- Production of plastics (carbon-based compounds).
- Household cleaning products (bicarbonate of soda).
Reactivity Series
- A list that ranks metals by their reactivity from most to least:
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Aluminium
- Zinc
- Iron
- Tin
- Lead
- Copper
- Silver
- Gold
- Non-metals (like halogens) have their own reactivity trends, typically increasing up the group (e.g., fluorine is more reactive than iodine).
Extraction Methods
-
Metals:
- Electrolysis: Used for reactive metals (e.g., aluminum).
- Reduction with Carbon: Common for less reactive metals (e.g., iron from iron oxide).
- Native State Mining: For noble metals (e.g., gold, silver).
-
Non-Metals:
- Fractional Distillation: For separating gaseous non-metals (e.g., oxygen from air).
- Chemical Reactions: Extraction of non-metals from their compounds (e.g., chlorine from sodium chloride).
- Mining: For solid non-metals like sulfur from deposits.
Physical Properties
- Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.
- Characterized by high melting and boiling points.
- Malleable, allowing them to be shaped into sheets without breaking.
- Ductile, enabling them to be drawn into wires.
- Lustrous, giving them a shiny appearance.
- Typically solid at room temperature, with mercury as an exception.
- Non-metals act as insulators, showing poor conductivity for heat and electricity.
- Generally possess lower melting and boiling points than metals.
- Brittle in solid form, meaning they break easily when subjected to stress.
- Non-metals lack malleability and ductility.
- Exhibit a dull appearance, lacking the shine typical of metals.
- Can exist as solids (e.g., sulfur), liquids (e.g., bromine), or gases (e.g., oxygen) at room temperature.
Chemical Properties
- Metals lose electrons during reactions, forming positive ions (cations).
- React with acids to yield hydrogen gas and salts.
- Combust with oxygen, producing metal oxides (e.g., rust from iron).
- Can chemically react with non-metals to form ionic compounds (e.g., sodium chloride).
- Non-metals gain electrons in chemical reactions, forming negative ions (anions).
- Can form ionic compounds by reacting with metals (example: NaCl).
- React with oxygen to generate non-metal oxides such as carbon dioxide.
- Display a variety of oxidation states and can participate in covalent bonding.
Uses in Daily Life
- Metals play a crucial role in construction, commonly utilized in steel and aluminum.
- Essential for electrical wiring, with copper being the primary choice due to its conductivity.
- Stainless steel is a popular material for cooking utensils.
- Integral to transportation industries, used in vehicles and aircraft.
- Gold and silver are widely used in jewelry.
- Non-metals are key components in fertilizers, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Chlorine is crucial for water purification processes.
- Oxygen is utilized in medical applications, such as oxygen therapy.
- Carbon-based compounds are foundational in the production of plastics.
- Household cleaning products often include non-metals like bicarbonate of soda.
Reactivity Series
- Metals are ranked by reactivity, with potassium being the most reactive and gold the least.
- The series includes: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead, copper, silver, and gold.
- Non-metals, particularly halogens, have distinct reactivity trends, generally increasing up the group (e.g., fluorine's greater reactivity compared to iodine).
Extraction Methods
- Metals are extracted through different methods depending on their reactivity:
- Reactive metals, like aluminum, are typically extracted using electrolysis.
- Less reactive metals are commonly extracted through reduction with carbon (e.g., iron from iron oxide).
- Noble metals such as gold and silver can be mined in their native state.
- Non-metals are extracted using various techniques:
- Fractional distillation separates gaseous non-metals (e.g., obtaining oxygen from air).
- Certain non-metals are extracted through chemical reactions from compounds (e.g., chlorine from sodium chloride).
- Solid non-metals like sulfur are obtained through mining from natural deposits.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, highlighting their differences. Understand the behaviors of these elements in various conditions and their common applications. Ideal for students studying chemistry.