Metals and Non-Metals Study Notes

Metals:
- Good conductors of heat and electricity.
- High melting and boiling points.
- Malleable (can be hammered into sheets).
- Ductile (can be drawn into wires).
- Lustrous (shiny appearance).
- Generally solid at room temperature (except mercury).
Non-Metals:
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity (insulators).
- Lower melting and boiling points compared to metals.
- Brittle in solid state (breaks easily).
- Not ductile or malleable.
- Dull appearance (not shiny).
- Can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature (e.g., oxygen, sulfur).

Metals:
- Tend to lose electrons during chemical reactions, forming positive ions (cations).
- React with acids to produce hydrogen gas and salt.
- React with oxygen to form metal oxides (e.g., rust in iron).
- Can react with non-metals (e.g., sodium with chlorine to form sodium chloride).
Non-Metals:
- Tend to gain electrons during chemical reactions, forming negative ions (anions).
- Can react with metals to form ionic compounds (e.g., NaCl).
- React with oxygen to form non-metal oxides (e.g., carbon dioxide from carbon).
- Exhibit various oxidation states and can participate in covalent bonding.

Metals:
- Used in construction (steel, aluminum).
- Electrical wiring (copper).
- Cooking utensils (stainless steel).
- Transportation (cars, airplanes).
- Jewelry (gold, silver).
Non-Metals:
- Used in fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus).
- Water purification (chlorine).
- Medical applications (oxygen therapy).
- Production of plastics (carbon-based compounds).
- Household cleaning products (bicarbonate of soda).

A list that ranks metals by their reactivity from most to least:
1. Potassium
2. Sodium
3. Calcium
4. Magnesium
5. Aluminium
6. Zinc
7. Iron
8. Tin
9. Lead
10. Copper
11. Silver
12. Gold
Non-metals (like halogens) have their own reactivity trends, typically increasing up the group (e.g., fluorine is more reactive than iodine).

Metals:
- Electrolysis: Used for reactive metals (e.g., aluminum).
- Reduction with Carbon: Common for less reactive metals (e.g., iron from iron oxide).
- Native State Mining: For noble metals (e.g., gold, silver).
Non-Metals:
- Fractional Distillation: For separating gaseous non-metals (e.g., oxygen from air).
- Chemical Reactions: Extraction of non-metals from their compounds (e.g., chlorine from sodium chloride).
- Mining: For solid non-metals like sulfur from deposits.

Metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.
Characterized by high melting and boiling points.
Malleable, allowing them to be shaped into sheets without breaking.
Ductile, enabling them to be drawn into wires.
Lustrous, giving them a shiny appearance.
Typically solid at room temperature, with mercury as an exception.
Non-metals act as insulators, showing poor conductivity for heat and electricity.
Generally possess lower melting and boiling points than metals.
Brittle in solid form, meaning they break easily when subjected to stress.
Non-metals lack malleability and ductility.
Exhibit a dull appearance, lacking the shine typical of metals.
Can exist as solids (e.g., sulfur), liquids (e.g., bromine), or gases (e.g., oxygen) at room temperature.

Metals lose electrons during reactions, forming positive ions (cations).
React with acids to yield hydrogen gas and salts.
Combust with oxygen, producing metal oxides (e.g., rust from iron).
Can chemically react with non-metals to form ionic compounds (e.g., sodium chloride).
Non-metals gain electrons in chemical reactions, forming negative ions (anions).
Can form ionic compounds by reacting with metals (example: NaCl).
React with oxygen to generate non-metal oxides such as carbon dioxide.
Display a variety of oxidation states and can participate in covalent bonding.

Metals play a crucial role in construction, commonly utilized in steel and aluminum.
Essential for electrical wiring, with copper being the primary choice due to its conductivity.
Stainless steel is a popular material for cooking utensils.
Integral to transportation industries, used in vehicles and aircraft.
Gold and silver are widely used in jewelry.
Non-metals are key components in fertilizers, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus.
Chlorine is crucial for water purification processes.
Oxygen is utilized in medical applications, such as oxygen therapy.
Carbon-based compounds are foundational in the production of plastics.
Household cleaning products often include non-metals like bicarbonate of soda.

Metals are ranked by reactivity, with potassium being the most reactive and gold the least.
The series includes: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, iron, tin, lead, copper, silver, and gold.
Non-metals, particularly halogens, have distinct reactivity trends, generally increasing up the group (e.g., fluorine's greater reactivity compared to iodine).

Metals are extracted through different methods depending on their reactivity:
- Reactive metals, like aluminum, are typically extracted using electrolysis.
- Less reactive metals are commonly extracted through reduction with carbon (e.g., iron from iron oxide).
- Noble metals such as gold and silver can be mined in their native state.
Non-metals are extracted using various techniques:
- Fractional distillation separates gaseous non-metals (e.g., obtaining oxygen from air).
- Certain non-metals are extracted through chemical reactions from compounds (e.g., chlorine from sodium chloride).
- Solid non-metals like sulfur are obtained through mining from natural deposits.