Unit 6c
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following processes is NOT typically associated with plastic deformation of metal?

  • Forging
  • Extrusion
  • Casting (correct)
  • Rolling
  • Higher temperatures generally increase the yield strength of metals during forming processes.

    False (B)

    What type of stresses are primarily applied in the bulk deformation processes?

    Compressive stresses

    In metal forming, high __________ is a desirable property that allows for easier shaping of the material.

    <p>ductility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metal forming processes with their description:

    <p>Rolling = Significant thickness reduction Forging = Shape production through die impacts Extrusion = Pushing material through a die Wire and bar drawing = Reducing diameter of metal rods and wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the bending process in sheet metalworking?

    <p>To create components by reshaping metal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hot rolling involves processing metals at room temperature.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are extrudates?

    <p>Parts that are extruded from a metal forming process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metal drawing, the metal is __________ through a die.

    <p>pulled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Bending = Reshaping metal into curves or angles Deep drawing = Forming cup-shaped parts Cutting = Dividing metal into parts Rolling = Reducing thickness using rollers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following operations is often referred to as pressworking?

    <p>Deep drawing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cold rolling can be performed at temperatures above 900°C.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tooling is typically used in cutting operations in sheet metalworking?

    <p>Punch and die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recrystallization temperature in terms of the melting point on an absolute scale?

    <p>About one-half of melting point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hot working generally results in work hardening of metals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the yield strength and ductility of low carbon steel as cold work is increased?

    <p>Yield strength increases and ductility decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hot working is typically performed somewhat above __________ of the melting point.

    <p>0.6Tm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics with either hot working or cold working:

    <p>Lower forces and power required = Hot Working Increased yield strength = Cold Working No work hardening occurs = Hot Working Higher dimensional accuracy = Cold Working</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of cold working?

    <p>No heating of work required (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Warm working is performed at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process that requires the metal to be heated to allow further deformation in cold working?

    <p>Annealing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In warm working, the dividing line between cold working and warm working is often expressed in terms of _________ temperature.

    <p>melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of metal working with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Cold Working = Performed at room temperature or slightly above Warm Working = Lower forces than cold working, reduced need for annealing Hot Working = Performed at elevated temperatures to reduce force requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of cold working?

    <p>Higher forces required (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One disadvantage of warm working is the scaling of part surfaces.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of warm working compared to cold working?

    <p>Lower forces required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Metal Forming

    Changing a metal's shape using plastic deformation.

    Plastic Deformation

    Permanent shape change in a material without breaking.

    Material Properties (Metal Forming)

    Low yield strength and high ductility are ideal for metal forming.

    Bulk Deformation

    Significant shape change in large metal workpieces.

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    Yield Strength

    Stress level at which a material begins permanent deformation.

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    Forging

    A metal forming process where a metal is hammered or pressed into a specific shape using dies.

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    Cold Working

    A metal forming process carried out at room temperature or slightly above, resulting in high strength and hardness.

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    Warm Working

    A metal forming process performed at a temperature above room temperature but below recrystallization temperature.

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    Hot Working

    Metal forming process carried out at a high temperature, where metal flows easily.

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    Recrystallization Temperature

    The temperature at which a metal's internal structure changes due to heat, making it softer.

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    Advantages of Cold Working

    Benefits of cold working include increased strength and hardness, good surface finish, and requiring no heating.

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    Disadvantages of Cold Working

    Cold working requires high force, limits deformation, and may require annealing to continue forming.

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    Sheet Metalworking

    A metal forming process that deforms thin metal sheets into desired shapes. It utilizes operations like bending, deep drawing, and cutting to create components with high surface area-to-volume ratios.

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    Bending (Sheet Metalworking)

    A metal forming process that involves deforming a sheet metal into a desired angle or curve. It often uses a bending tool to apply force and create a desired shape.

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    Deep Drawing (Sheet Metalworking)

    A process that uses a punch and die to deform a sheet metal blank into a hollow shape. This is often done using a press machine, hence the term 'pressworking'.

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    Cutting (Sheet Metalworking)

    A process that uses a punch and die to cut out specific shapes or patterns from a sheet metal. The resulting parts are called stampings.

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    Rolling (Metal Forming)

    A process that uses rollers to reduce the thickness of metal sheets or bars by applying pressure. This is done to achieve specific dimensions and can be performed hot or cold, depending on the desired results.

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    Metal Extrusion

    A process where a metal billet is forced through a die to create a desired cross-sectional shape. The resulting extruded parts are called 'extrudates' and are pushed out using a press.

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    Metal Drawing

    A process where metal stock is pulled through a die of smaller cross-sectional area, leading to a reduction in the stock's diameter. This is similar to extrusion, but the force is applied by pulling the metal through the die.

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    Hot working temperature

    The temperature at which metals are deformed during hot working, above the recrystallization temperature.

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    Hot working advantage: Isotropy

    Hot working produces materials with uniform strength properties in all directions.

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    Hot working disadvantage: Oxidation

    High temperatures during hot working cause the metal surface to react with oxygen, forming a layer of oxide.

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    Cold working effect: Yield strength

    Cold working increases the yield strength of the material, making it harder to deform.

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    Cold working effect: Ductility

    Cold working decreases the ductility of the material, making it less able to deform without breaking.

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    Study Notes

    Metal Manufacturing Process

    • Metal forming changes metal workpiece shapes.
    • Dies apply stresses exceeding the metal's yield strength.
    • Metal's shape aligns with the die's geometry.
    • Plastic deformation stresses are typically compressive.
    • Examples include rolling, forging, and extrusion.
    • Some processes use tensile stresses (stretching) or both tensile and compressive stresses (bending), or shear stresses (shear spinning).

    Material Properties in Metal Forming

    • Desirable metal properties include low yield strength and high ductility.
    • These properties change with temperature; ductility increases and yield strength decreases as temperature rises.
    • Other factors influencing forming include strain rate and friction.

    Basic Types of Deformation Processes

    • Bulk deformation: Significant shape changes in large components.
      • Examples: Rolling, forging, extrusion, and wire/bar drawing.
    • Sheet metalworking: Forming operations on thin metal sheets (e.g., strips, coils).
      • Examples: Bending, deep drawing, and cutting.

    Bulk Deformation Processes

    • Rolling: Thick metals are passed between rollers to reduce thickness. Types include hot (high temperature) and cold (room temperature) rolling.
    • Forging: Metal is shaped by hammering or pressing.
    • Extrusion: A metal billet is pushed through a die to create desired profiles ("extrudates").
    • Wire and Bar Drawing: Drawing metal through dies to reduce cross-sectional area.

    Metal Extrusion

    • A metal forming process where a billet is forced through a die to produce specific cross-sections (extrudates).
    • This is done using either mechanical or hydraulic presses.

    Sheet Metalworking (cont.)

    • Bending: Shaping metal sheets into desired profiles.
    • Deep drawing: Forming a sheet of metal into a cavity, often resulting in hollow shapes.
    • Shearing: Cutting metal sheets using specialized dies.

    Metal Drawing

    • A manufacturing process that reduces metal stock cross-section by forcing it through a die.
    • Similar to extrusion, but drawing pulls the metal through the die opening.

    Drawing Process

    • Performed in cold conditions for better accuracy.
    • Metal is hardened beforehand.
    • Surfaces are cleaned (e.g., shot blasting).
    • Metal is washed and dried.
    • Lubricating chemicals are applied.

    Temperature in Metal Forming

    • Deformation is often more efficient at elevated temperatures.
    • Metal forming temperatures are categorized into:
      • Cold working (room temperature or slightly above)
      • Warm working (above room temperature, but below recrystallization)
      • Hot working (above recrystallization temperature).

    1. Cold Working

    • Performed at or slightly above room temperature.
    • Many mass production operations use cold forming.
    • Minimal machining is typically needed.
    • Advantages include better accuracy, tolerances, and surface finish; no heating is required.
    • Disadvantages include higher forces and power, strain hardening limitations.

    2. Warm Working

    • Performed above room temperature, but below recrystallization temperature.
    • Often uses approximately 0.3 times the metal's melting point (absolute temperature).
    • Advantages include lower forces and power compared to cold working; more intricate shapes are possible, and annealing may not be needed.
    • Disadvantages include scaling on the workpiece's surface.

    3. Hot Working

    • Performed at temperatures above the recrystallization point.
    • Roughly at 0.6 times the metal's melting point.
    • Advantages include significantly easier shaping, lower forces and power, and the ability to form metals that would fracture in cold working.
    • Disadvantages include lower dimensional accuracy, higher energy consumption, surface oxidation, and shorter tool life.

    Impact of Cold Work

    • Increased cold work leads to increased yield and tensile strength, and decreased ductility.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of metal manufacturing processes. This quiz covers metal forming techniques, the influence of material properties, and basic types of deformation processes. Test your knowledge on rolling, forging, extrusion, and more.

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