Metabolism Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of energy for most biological systems?

  • Nuclear energy
  • Solar energy (correct)
  • Geothermal energy
  • Chemical energy from food

    • During the absorptive state, which nutrient is primarily used by skeletal muscle for ATP production?

  • Amino acids (correct)
  • Glucose
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids

    • Which of the following best describes catabolism?

  • Synthesis of complex molecules
  • Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
  • Storage of energy
  • Breakdown of molecules to release energy (correct)

    • What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?

    <p>To act as a universal energy carrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic reaction requires an energy input?

    <p>Anabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final products of aerobic cellular respiration include all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>$O_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ uses glucose primarily for storage as glycogen during the absorptive state?

    <p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about potential energy in nutrient molecules is true?

    <p>It is stored in the bonds between their atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hydrogen carrier is derived from Niacin (vitamin B3)?

    <p>NAD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pyruvate oxidation, what is produced in addition to acetyl-CoA?

    <p>2 CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting molecule of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protein complexes are involved in the electron transport system?

    <p>Four (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs at the ß-carbon during lipid metabolism?

    <p>β-oxidation pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is formed by the oxidation of citric acid in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Ketoglutaric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released as a byproduct during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Metabolism

    The process of acquiring and utilizing energy from the environment.

    Metabolic Processes

    The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.

    Catabolism

    Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

    Anabolism

    Build up of large molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy input.

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    Aerobic Cell Respiration

    The series of reactions that occur within cells to extract energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

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    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    High-energy molecule that serves as the universal energy carrier within cells.

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    ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

    The molecule that has two phosphate groups and can be converted to ATP by adding a phosphate group.

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    Glycogenesis

    Process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

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    What is glycolysis?

    A process where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a small amount of ATP. This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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    What is pyruvate oxidation?

    The transfer of pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, where it's converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and generating NADH.

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    What is the Krebs cycle?

    A series of reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix, oxidizing acetyl-CoA to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

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    What is the electron transport chain?

    A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that use electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis.

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    What is β-oxidation?

    The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.

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    What are hydrogen carriers?

    Coenzymes that play a crucial role in energy production by carrying hydrogen ions and electrons.

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    What is aerobic respiration?

    The process of breaking down glucose to generate ATP (cellular energy) with the help of oxygen.

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    What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

    A molecule that plays a vital role in energy transfer within the cell.

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    Study Notes

    Metabolism of the Body

    • Metabolism is the ability to acquire and use energy from the environment, encompassing all chemical reactions in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. All living things, from bacteria to humans, conduct metabolism.
    • Two main types of metabolic reactions are catabolism (breaking down large molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy) and anabolism (building large molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input).

    Energy and Metabolism

    • The energy powering most biological systems on Earth originates from solar energy.
    • Plants capture solar energy for photosynthesis, producing their food.
    • Food (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) provides the energy for cellular processes.
    • All molecules, including nutrients, store potential energy in the bonds between their atoms.

    Metabolic Overview: The Absorptive State

    • Nutrients are absorbed from the digestive tract and distributed in the bloodstream.
    • Lipids are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue, stimulated by insulin.
    • Skeletal muscle utilizes absorbed nutrients for ATP production, also stimulated by insulin.
    • All tissues (except skeletal muscle) use absorbed nutrients for ATP production, stimulated by insulin, growth hormone, and sex hormones.
    • The liver and skeletal muscle store glycogen, stimulated by insulin.
    • Absorbed nutrients are used for:
      • Providing immediate energy for cellular processes like muscle contraction, secretion, and active transport.
      • Synthesizing structural or functional molecules for cell repair and replacement.
      • Storing energy as glycogen or fat for later use.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Aerobic cellular respiration, using oxygen, produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
    • A portion of the generated energy is used to create ATP.
    • The overall reaction is: Fuel Nutrient + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy

    ATP

    • Catabolic reactions liberate energy stored in phosphate bonds of ADP, producing high-energy ATP molecules.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the universal energy carrier in cells.
    • The reaction is: ADP + Pi + energy → ATP

    Hydrogen Carriers

    • Coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) carry energy and hydrogen.
    • NAD is derived from niacin (B3), and FAD from riboflavin (B2).
    • FAD accepts two hydrogen atoms (2H) to become FADH2.
    • NAD accepts two electrons (2e) and one proton (H+) to become NADH + H+.

    Carbohydrate Metabolism (Glucose)

    • Glycolysis:
      • Breaks down glucose (C6) into two pyruvic acid molecules.
      • A metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm involving many enzymatically controlled steps.

    Stage 2: Aerobic Respiration (Pyruvate Oxidation)

    • Pyruvate is transferred to the mitochondria for oxidation.
    • 2 pyruvic acids from glycolysis are converted into 2 acetyl-CoA molecules.
    • Acetyl-CoA is crucial for entering the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle).
    • 2 CO2 and 2 NADH are produced.

    Stage 3: Krebs Cycle

    • Acetyl-CoA enters a cycle of 9 reactions, also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.
    • The cycle is crucial for metabolizing glucose and requires 2 cycles.
    • The cycle involves an initial reaction with oxaloacetic acid, producing citric acid.
    • The cycle releases: CO2, free H+, & e- and forming ketoglutaric acid
    • The process generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP for each cycle of acetyl-COA.

    Stage 4: Electron Transport System

    • Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Includes four large protein complexes and ATP synthase.
    • Flavoprotein (from riboflavin), Coenzyme Q (from Vitamin E), and Cytochromes (last: cytochrome a3) are components of the system.
    • Electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH2 are passed down a chain, creating a proton gradient.
    • This gradient drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

    Lipid Metabolism

    • Beta-oxidation:
      • The pathway for breaking down fatty acids, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.
      • Fatty acids are broken down by breaking and rearranging connections in 2 carbon segments.
    • Triglycerides:
      • Major dietary lipids.
      • Consist of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.
      • Hydrolyzed (broken down) by lipase enzymes into glycerol and three individual fatty acids

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    Metabolism of the Body PDF 2024

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of metabolism, including catabolism and anabolism. Understand how energy is acquired and utilized in biological systems, with insights into the absorptive state of metabolism. This quiz covers fundamental processes applicable to all living organisms.

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