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Questions and Answers
According to the text, what is the primary cellular fuel for survival?
Based on the text, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
According to the text, what waste products are excreted during the citric acid cycle?
Which type of inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme and competes with the substrate for binding?
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What effect do competitive inhibitors have on Vmax?
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What effect do non-competitive inhibitors have on Km?
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What is the basis of nerve gas?
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Which of the following is an objective of metabolic pathways?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic pathways?
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Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
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Which of the following is the net reaction for glycolysis?
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Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a way that cells use to regulate metabolism?
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Which of the following is an example of a genetic disease that can influence metabolism?
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Which of the following is NOT a major metabolic pathway?
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Which of the following is an example of compartmentalization in metabolism?
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Which of the following is true about glycogenesis?
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Which of the following is true about lipolysis?
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Which of the following is true about lipogenesis?
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Which of the following is true about fatty acid oxidation?
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Study Notes
Cellular Fuel and Metabolism
- Glucose is the primary cellular fuel essential for survival.
- Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, where ATP is produced through electron transport and chemiosmosis.
Waste Products and Enzyme Inhibition
- The citric acid cycle excretes carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
- Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing directly with the substrate for binding.
- Competitive inhibitors do not affect Vmax but can increase Km, indicating a higher substrate concentration is required to reach half Vmax.
Nerve Gas and Metabolic Pathways
- Nerve gas functions primarily as an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, disrupting neurotransmission.
- Objectives of metabolic pathways include energy production, biosynthesis, and regulation of metabolic flux.
- Characteristics of metabolic pathways typically involve being regulated by enzymes and being interconnected.
Glycolysis and Metabolic Regulation
- A product of glycolysis is pyruvate, which can further undergo fermentation or enter the citric acid cycle.
- The net reaction for glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, yielding two ATP and two NADH.
- Mechanisms NOT used by cells for regulating metabolism include random changes in metabolic rates without feedback.
Genetic Diseases and Compartmentalization
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an example of a genetic disease that impacts metabolism due to enzyme deficiencies.
- Compartmentalization in metabolism can be exemplified by the presence of mitochondria and their role in energy metabolism.
Glycogenesis, Lipolysis, and Fatty Acid Dynamics
- Glycogenesis, the synthesis of glycogen from glucose, occurs primarily in liver and muscle cells during insulin response.
- Lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids, primarily stimulated by hormones during fasting or stress.
- Lipogenesis refers to the conversion of excess carbohydrates into fat, occurring mainly in the liver and adipose tissue through insulin signaling.
- Fatty acid oxidation is the metabolic pathway where fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to produce acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
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Description
Test your knowledge on important metabolic pathways, including glycogenesis, the Krebs/citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Learn about the conversion of glucose to glycogen, the production of building blocks for biosynthesis, and other vital concepts. Perfect for preparing for exams!