module 3 - metabolic pathways

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Questions and Answers

According to the text, what is the primary cellular fuel for survival?

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (correct)

Fats

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Based on the text, where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Intracellular space (correct)

Citric acid cycle

Extracellular space

Glycolysis

According to the text, what waste products are excreted during the citric acid cycle?

Fats

Unknown waste products (correct)

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Which type of inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme and competes with the substrate for binding?

Competitive inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

What effect do competitive inhibitors have on Vmax?

No effect on Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What effect do non-competitive inhibitors have on Km?

No effect on Km Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of nerve gas?

Binding to hydroxyl group on serine amino acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an objective of metabolic pathways?

To produce ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of metabolic pathways?

Every pathway has a first committed step Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the net reaction for glycolysis?

Glucose + 2 Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP +2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a way that cells use to regulate metabolism?

Reversible enzyme inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a genetic disease that can influence metabolism?

Lactose intolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major metabolic pathway?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of compartmentalization in metabolism?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about glycogenesis?

Glycogenesis converts glucose to glycogen in the cytoplasm and is anabolic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about lipolysis?

Lipolysis converts lipids to fatty acid and glycerol in the cytoplasm and is catabolic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about lipogenesis?

Lipogenesis converts acetyl CoA to lipids in the cytoplasm and is anabolic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about fatty acid oxidation?

Fatty acid oxidation converts fatty acids to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria and is catabolic. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Fuel and Metabolism

Glucose is the primary cellular fuel essential for survival.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, where ATP is produced through electron transport and chemiosmosis.

Waste Products and Enzyme Inhibition

The citric acid cycle excretes carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing directly with the substrate for binding.
Competitive inhibitors do not affect Vmax but can increase Km, indicating a higher substrate concentration is required to reach half Vmax.

Nerve Gas and Metabolic Pathways

Nerve gas functions primarily as an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, disrupting neurotransmission.
Objectives of metabolic pathways include energy production, biosynthesis, and regulation of metabolic flux.
Characteristics of metabolic pathways typically involve being regulated by enzymes and being interconnected.

Glycolysis and Metabolic Regulation

A product of glycolysis is pyruvate, which can further undergo fermentation or enter the citric acid cycle.
The net reaction for glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, yielding two ATP and two NADH.
Mechanisms NOT used by cells for regulating metabolism include random changes in metabolic rates without feedback.

Genetic Diseases and Compartmentalization

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an example of a genetic disease that impacts metabolism due to enzyme deficiencies.
Compartmentalization in metabolism can be exemplified by the presence of mitochondria and their role in energy metabolism.

Glycogenesis, Lipolysis, and Fatty Acid Dynamics

Glycogenesis, the synthesis of glycogen from glucose, occurs primarily in liver and muscle cells during insulin response.
Lipolysis involves the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids, primarily stimulated by hormones during fasting or stress.
Lipogenesis refers to the conversion of excess carbohydrates into fat, occurring mainly in the liver and adipose tissue through insulin signaling.
Fatty acid oxidation is the metabolic pathway where fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to produce acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

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Description

Test your knowledge on important metabolic pathways, including glycogenesis, the Krebs/citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Learn about the conversion of glucose to glycogen, the production of building blocks for biosynthesis, and other vital concepts. Perfect for preparing for exams!