Cell biology - Mitochondria.
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Questions and Answers

Fatty acids and amino acids such as ______ can serve as alternate fuels.

glutamine

In the process of energy production, ______ is converted into Acetyl CoA.

pyruvate

The ______ Cycle, also known as the Kreb's Cycle, plays a critical role in energy production.

Citric Acid

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS) leads to a drop in mitochondrial ______.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy production is central to ______.

<p>metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catabolic metabolism is primarily associated with ______ down complex molecules.

<p>breaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a catabolic process is ______ acid oxidation.

<p>fatty</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called ______ respiration.

<p>aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP stands for adenosine ______ phosphate.

<p>triphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mitochondrial ______ is where pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur.

<p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

During respiration, the main electron carriers are NADH and ______.

<p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

One glucose molecule can yield over ______ ATP molecules through complete oxidation.

<p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of the electron transport chain is to produce ______.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemiosmotic coupling links ATP synthesis with ______ transport.

<p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are sometimes referred to as the ______ of the cell due to their role in energy production.

<p>powerhouse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fatty acids and ______ serve as alternate fuels in metabolism.

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the mitochondria, ______ is produced through oxidative phosphorylation.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome results in a drop in mitochondrial ______.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle is also referred to as the ______ Cycle.

<p>TCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA occurs in the ______.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Catabolic metabolism is characterized by ______.

<p>breaking down</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of energy extraction in cells is known as ______ respiration.

<p>aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary energy carrier in biological systems is ______.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ______ membrane of mitochondria.

<p>inner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are vital for ______ production in cells.

<p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules of ______.

<p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of fatty acids takes place in the ______.

<p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs in the ______.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP synthase is responsible for converting ADP and inorganic phosphate into ______.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by lactic acidosis and a deficiency in the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme?

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is produced during the TCA cycle as a precursor for energy production?

<p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen to convert nutrients into ATP?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS)?

<p>Increased levels of mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do free fatty acids play in cellular metabolism?

<p>They serve as alternate fuels for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between catabolic and anabolic metabolism?

<p>Catabolic metabolism consumes more than it synthesizes, whereas anabolic metabolism synthesizes more than it consumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the majority of energy extraction in cells?

<p>Aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the mitochondria, what is the function of the inner membrane?

<p>Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the TCA cycle from one molecule of Acetyl CoA?

<p>3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the role of chemiosmotic coupling in mitochondria?

<p>It connects ATP synthesis with the movement of ions across membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a key function of mitochondria?

<p>Synthesis of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many NADH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule through glycolysis and subsequent reactions?

<p>10 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location within mitochondria does pyruvate oxidation take place?

<p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of the entire aerobic respiration process?

<p>Production of carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP synthase play in the mitochondria?

<p>Synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS)?

<p>Drop in mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as a substrate for ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process occurs in the mitochondria and involves multiple substrates, including fatty acids?

<p>Citric Acid Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of free fatty acids in metabolism?

<p>They can be converted to ATP via β-oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acidosis can arise from deficiencies in which key enzyme?

<p>Pyruvate Dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the primary function of the electron transport chain in mitochondria?

<p>It pumps protons across the inner membrane to create a gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily produced during the Citric Acid Cycle from a single Acetyl CoA molecule?

<p>1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components of mitochondria is specifically involved in the synthesis of ATP?

<p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main result of glycolysis in the context of cellular respiration?

<p>It generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which specific mitochondrial structure does pyruvate oxidation take place?

<p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key relationship described by chemiosmotic coupling in the context of ATP production?

<p>It connects electron transport to membrane transport processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>It uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport for ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitochondria?

<p>Absorbing excess glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the redox potential in energy production?

<p>It is crucial for electron transfers that provide energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules can be generated from one glucose molecule through the entire aerobic respiration process?

<p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a drop in mitochondrial DNA and lactic acidosis?

<p>Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following roles does the citric acid cycle NOT take part in?

<p>Generation of free fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes fatty acids in metabolism?

<p>They can serve as an alternate fuel source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency?

<p>Lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in the mitochondria?

<p>To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

<p>Energy production through aerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of mitochondria is responsible for electron transport?

<p>Cristae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metabolism involves the building up of complex molecules?

<p>Anabolic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?

<p>2 ATP and 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the citric acid cycle, what is generated from each Acetyl CoA?

<p>3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the chemiosmotic process?

<p>It couples ATP with the membrane transport process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mitochondrial functions, buffering redox potential takes place in which location?

<p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain in mitochondria?

<p>To produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule?

<p>More than 30 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Catabolic vs Anabolic Metabolism

  • Catabolic metabolism breaks down molecules.
  • Catabolism consumes more mass than it synthesizes.
  • Examples include fatty acid oxidation.
  • Anabolic metabolism builds up molecules.
  • Anabolism consumes less mass than it synthesizes.
  • Examples include fatty acid synthesis and protein translation.
  • Catabolism and anabolism are balanced in homeostasis.

Energy Production

  • Cells gain energy from oxidizing organic molecules.
  • Energy is stored in chemical bonds within organic molecules.
  • Cells release energy by gradually oxidizing molecules, and this is done via aerobic respiration.
  • Two main energy-producing systems in cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts.
  • Chemiosmotic coupling is a link between ATP production and membrane transport.

Biological Energy

  • Energy is stored and transferred in cells using adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Mitochondria Structure

  • Mitochondria have an outer membrane (freely permeable due to presence of porin channel proteins), inner membrane (highly folded structure housing components of the ETC), and intermembrane space.
  • The inner membrane has folds called cristae, and the innermost compartment is called the matrix (houses maternal DNA).
  • Mitochondria contain their own DNA and manufacture some proteins.
  • Key structures include porins and cristae.

Chemiosmotic Process

  • Stage 1: Electron transport drives proton pumps across the membrane.

  • Stage 2: The proton gradient drives ATP synthase to form ATP.

  • The electron transport chain is composed of multiple protein complexes which pass electrons from one complex to the next... order these protein complexes from the first (where electrons are released) to the last (where the terminal electron acceptor is located). 

    NADH dehydrogenase complex

    Ubiquinone

    Cytochrome B-C1 complex

    Cytochrome C

    Cytochrome oxidase complex

Mammalian Cell Respiration

  • Bioenergetics is vital for cell survival, growth, and function.
  • Biosynthesis is essential for cell growth.
  • Signaling is necessary for cell functions.

The Mitochondrion

  • The mitochondrion is responsible for energy production.
  • Cells need mitochondria to produce energy from glucose.
  • If no mitochondria are available, energy would come from anaerobic glycolysis.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
  • Glycolysis includes stages 1 and 1a of respiration.

Mitochondria - Key Structures

  • Outer membrane (Phospholipid synthesis), Intermembrane space, Inner membrane (Oxidative phosphorylation and Citric acid cycle) , Cristae (ETC), and Matrix (Pyruvate oxidation, buffering redox potential).
  • The roles of these structures in cellular respiration vary.

Redox Potential

  • Electron transfer processes supply the majority of cellular energy.
  • NADH is an important electron carrier, undergoing a redox reaction.

Stages of Respiration

  • Stage 1A: Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose in the cytosol.
  • Stage 1B: Pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria.
  • Stage 2: The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) oxidizes acetyl CoA.
  • Stage 3: The electron transport chain (ETC) transfers electrons in mitochondria.
  • Stage 4: ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to create ATP.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

  • Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two acetyl CoA molecules, four NADH, and two ATP.

  • The citric acid cycle produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP per each acetyl CoA molecule.

  • A total of 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP are produced.

  • Oxidative phosphorylation produces more than 30 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

  • During the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA is converted into various molecules... order these molecules from when acetyl-CoA enters the cycle

    Acetyl-CoA

    Citrate

    α-Ketoglutarate

    Succinate

    Malate

    Oxaloacetate

Alternate Fuels

  • Fatty acids and amino acids (such as glutamine) can be used as alternate energy sources.
  • Fatty acid oxidation occurs within the mitochondria.

Mitochondrial Disorders

  • Disorders affecting mitochondria include mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDDS) and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
  • These disorders result in lactic acidosis, due to deficient activity related to oxidative pathways.

Summary

  • Energy production and metabolism in mitochondria are central to cells.
  • Energy is produced via the conversion of food molecules into ATP.
  • Food molecules enter the mitochondria from the cytosol.

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Related Documents

PM-132 - Mitochondria Handout (AY24-25) PDF

Description

Explore the differences between catabolic and anabolic metabolism in this quiz. Learn how these processes function to balance energy production and utilization in living cells. Topics include energy systems, ATP storage, and the structure of mitochondria.

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