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Questions and Answers
A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and ______.
A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and ______.
reproduction
Primary metabolites are typically formed during the ______ phase.
Primary metabolites are typically formed during the ______ phase.
growth
Citric acid is produced by ______ niger.
Citric acid is produced by ______ niger.
Aspergillus
Secondary metabolites do not play a main role in growth, development, and ______.
Secondary metabolites do not play a main role in growth, development, and ______.
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Examples of secondary metabolites include ______ and antibiotics such as erythromycin.
Examples of secondary metabolites include ______ and antibiotics such as erythromycin.
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Primary metabolites are commonly used in industrial ______.
Primary metabolites are commonly used in industrial ______.
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Atropine is a competitive antagonist for ______ receptors.
Atropine is a competitive antagonist for ______ receptors.
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Secondary metabolites are typically formed during the end or near the ______ phase of growth.
Secondary metabolites are typically formed during the end or near the ______ phase of growth.
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The process of photosynthesis begins with the ______ reaction which occurs only during the day.
The process of photosynthesis begins with the ______ reaction which occurs only during the day.
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The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of ______.
The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of ______.
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During the light reactions, ATP and NADPH are generated by two electron-transport ______.
During the light reactions, ATP and NADPH are generated by two electron-transport ______.
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The dark reaction is also referred to as the ______ reaction.
The dark reaction is also referred to as the ______ reaction.
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The dark reaction takes place in the ______ of the chloroplast.
The dark reaction takes place in the ______ of the chloroplast.
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In the Calvin cycle, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide are converted into one sugar molecule or ______.
In the Calvin cycle, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide are converted into one sugar molecule or ______.
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The chemical equation for the dark reaction includes the conversion of NADPH and ATP into ______.
The chemical equation for the dark reaction includes the conversion of NADPH and ATP into ______.
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The Calvin cycle consists of three main stages: carbon fixation, ______, and regeneration.
The Calvin cycle consists of three main stages: carbon fixation, ______, and regeneration.
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A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), to form a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called ______.
A CO2 molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), to form a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called ______.
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The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction of CO2 with RuBP is known as ______.
The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction of CO2 with RuBP is known as ______.
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In the second stage of the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into a three-carbon sugar called ______.
In the second stage of the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA into a three-carbon sugar called ______.
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The process of glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and is ______-independent.
The process of glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and is ______-independent.
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The overall reaction of glucose generates a net gain of ______ molecules of ATP.
The overall reaction of glucose generates a net gain of ______ molecules of ATP.
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The Krebs cycle takes place in the ______ of mitochondria under aerobic conditions.
The Krebs cycle takes place in the ______ of mitochondria under aerobic conditions.
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During biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified and converted into more complex products, which include intermediates like ______.
During biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified and converted into more complex products, which include intermediates like ______.
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C1 is derived from S methyl of L-__________.
C1 is derived from S methyl of L-__________.
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C2 is derived from __________.
C2 is derived from __________.
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The building blocks for many biosynthetic pathways are produced mostly from ______, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle.
The building blocks for many biosynthetic pathways are produced mostly from ______, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle.
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C5 is derived from __________ units.
C5 is derived from __________ units.
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C6-C3 units are derived from phenylalanine or __________.
C6-C3 units are derived from phenylalanine or __________.
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The shikimate biosynthetic pathway is also known as the __________ pathway.
The shikimate biosynthetic pathway is also known as the __________ pathway.
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The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of shikimate 3-phosphate is called __________ kinase.
The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of shikimate 3-phosphate is called __________ kinase.
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The shikimic acid pathway is important for the biosynthesis of __________ compounds.
The shikimic acid pathway is important for the biosynthesis of __________ compounds.
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The pathway begins with two substrates: phosphoenol pyruvate and __________-4-phosphate.
The pathway begins with two substrates: phosphoenol pyruvate and __________-4-phosphate.
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The aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate pathway include Tryptophan, Tyrosine, and ______.
The aromatic amino acids produced by the shikimate pathway include Tryptophan, Tyrosine, and ______.
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The malonic-acid pathway is involved in the synthesis of ______ acids.
The malonic-acid pathway is involved in the synthesis of ______ acids.
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Acetyl-CoA is modified to provide the substrate for ______ acid synthase.
Acetyl-CoA is modified to provide the substrate for ______ acid synthase.
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Malonyl-CoA contains a 3-carboxylic acid, ______, bound to Coenzyme A.
Malonyl-CoA contains a 3-carboxylic acid, ______, bound to Coenzyme A.
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The mevalonate pathway is essential for cholesterol ______.
The mevalonate pathway is essential for cholesterol ______.
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Isoprenoid compounds begin with the building blocks of ______ pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.
Isoprenoid compounds begin with the building blocks of ______ pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.
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Farnesyl pyrophosphate is a product formed when geranyl pyrophosphate is associated with ______.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate is a product formed when geranyl pyrophosphate is associated with ______.
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The enzyme involved in synthesizing HMG-CoA is called ______.
The enzyme involved in synthesizing HMG-CoA is called ______.
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Study Notes
Metabolism and Metabolites
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical transformations within living organisms, vital for their survival.
- Metabolites are the products and intermediates of metabolic processes.
Primary and Secondary Metabolites
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Primary metabolites are directly involved in growth, development, and reproduction.
- They perform essential physiological functions in the organism.
- Examples: ethanol, lactic acid, amino acids (L-glutamate, L-lysine), citric acid
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Secondary metabolites are synthesized from primary metabolites.
- They are not directly involved in fundamental life processes like growth and reproduction.
- Often produced during the stationary phase of growth.
- Many play a role in ecological functions like defense mechanisms (antibiotics, pigments).
- Examples: atropine, erythromycin, bacitracin.
Photosynthesis
- Two stages: light-dependent reaction and light-independent reaction.
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Light-dependent reaction:
- Occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Converts light energy into ATP and NADPH using photosystems I and II.
- Water is used and oxygen is produced.
- Equation: 2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP
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Light-independent reaction:
- Also called the Calvin cycle.
- Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
- Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
- Equation: 3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H2O + 9 ATP → G3P + 2H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi
- Stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
Glycolysis
- Breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
- Occurs in the cytosol and is independent of oxygen.
- Produces a net gain of two ATP molecules.
The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- A series of enzymatic reactions in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing carbon dioxide and reduced coenzymes (generating ATP via the electron transport chain).
- Occurs in eight steps under aerobic conditions.
- Equation: C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 38 ADP + 38P (inorganic) → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP
Biosynthetic Pathways of Secondary Metabolites
- Biosynthesis is a multi-step process where simple molecules are converted into complex products by enzymes.
- Building blocks for secondary metabolite synthesis come from primary metabolites, especially from photosynthesis, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle.
- Important building blocks include: acetyl CoA, shikimic acid, mevalonic acid, malonic acid.
Shikimic Acid Pathway
- Key pathway for the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and others.
- Occurs in chloroplast plant cells.
- Starts with phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, ending with chorismate.
- Produces the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
- Plays a vital role in connecting central and specialized metabolism in plant cells.
Malonic Acid (Malonate/Acetate) Pathway
- Involves acyl carrier protein (ACP) to produce fatty acylthioesters of ACP.
- These intermediates are crucial in fatty acid synthesis.
- Generates even-numbered fatty acids from butyric to arachidic acid.
Mevalonic Acid (Mevalonate) Pathway
- Also known as the isoprenoid pathway.
- Involves the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR).
- Crucial for various cellular metabolisms including cholesterol biosynthesis and protein synthesis.
- Produces isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), building blocks for isoprenoid compounds.
- Involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, which is used for membrane structure, steroid hormones, myelin sheets, vitamin D, and synaptic vesicles.
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Description
Explore the concepts of metabolism and metabolites, focusing on primary and secondary metabolites' roles in living organisms. This quiz also covers the fundamentals of photosynthesis, including its two main stages. Test your knowledge on these essential biological processes!
