Metabolism and Hormones Quiz

<p>Promoting the uptake of glucose by cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HSL breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases gluconeogenesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote protein and lipid synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium influx into the beta cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatostatin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GIP stimulates insulin secretion in the presence of glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases glycogen synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller protein mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catabolic hormones promote the breakdown of molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatostatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates lipolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proinsulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serving as a marker for insulin levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhances the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on gluconeogensis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of glycolytic enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PI3 kinase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperpigmentation of the skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotion of glucose uptake and storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon only acts on the liver, while epinephrine acts on both the liver and muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon and epinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhance the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased bone density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amylin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulate glucagon secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen and gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes the uptake and storage of glucose, protein, and fat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serve as an alternative fuel source for the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 is caused by insulin deficiency, while Type 2 is caused by insulin insensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 126 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance due to factors like obesity and genetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High levels of ketones in the blood and urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Average blood glucose levels over the past 3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid Hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit insulin secretion and promote protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies to C-peptide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing prevalence of childhood obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less than 200 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>190 mg/dL or greater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poorly controlled diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.3 to 5 mIU/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suppression of cortisol production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 to 25 mcg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates cortisol secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cushing syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ketone production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps excrete glucose during hyperglycemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polydipsia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic retinopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accelerated atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased gluconeogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of sugar alcohols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic diuresis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ketoacidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates insulin-dependent glucose entry into muscle cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased glucose uptake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-hydroxybutyrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accelerates glycogen breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive thirst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Below 70 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of acetone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70 to 99 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive relationship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reflect average blood glucose levels over several months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment in recognizing hypoglycemic events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoglycemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third trimester (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low body mass index (BMI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased rates of obesity and overweight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An obese patient with a history of high blood pressure and a family history of diabetes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased glucose production and decreased glycogen storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased breakdown of fats in adipose tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased amino acid conversion to glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess weight and physical inactivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting glucose into skeletal muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Process of glycogen formation in the body.

Process of breaking down glycogen into glucose.

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate or lactate.

Generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Conversion of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids.

A hormone from the pancreas that regulates glucose and lipid storage.

A hormone from the pancreas that promotes glucose production.

A hormone that inhibits glucagon and slows gastric emptying.

A hormone that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.

A hormone that stimulates glucose production in the liver.

A hormone that increases glucose production and mobilizes energy in stress.

A hormone that raises glucose levels during stress.

A gut hormone that alters insulin secretion.

A hormone that regulates satiety and energy balance.

Thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and metabolic rate.

Hormones that promote storage forms: insulin and growth hormone.

Hormones that break down larger molecules: glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol.

Insulin promotes glucose uptake by activating GLUT4 transporters.

Factors that trigger insulin secretion include glucose and amino acids.

Stimulates triglyceride synthesis and inhibits fat breakdown.

Breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids.

Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Amino acids, GI hormones, cortisol, exercise, fasting.

Glucose, free fatty acids, ketones, insulin.

Increases heart rate and vasoconstriction via beta-1 and alpha-1 receptors.

Glucagon and epinephrine raise glucose; cortisol enhances and has slower effects.

Cortisol excess leading to hyperglycemia and poor wound healing.

HSL breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Insulin increases amino acid and glucose uptake, promotes protein synthesis, and decreases protein breakdown.

Cortisol deficiency causing hypoglycemia and low blood pressure.

Insulin promotes glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Cortisol promotes protein breakdown in muscle tissue.

Glucose stimulates insulin secretion through a series of steps starting from glycolysis in pancreatic beta cells.

Enzyme activated by glucagon to promote fat breakdown.

Substances that stimulate insulin secretion include glucose, amino acids, and intestinal hormones like GIP and GLP-1.

GIP is an intestinal hormone that stimulates insulin secretion when fat and glucose are present.

Growth hormone promotes sodium retention, lipolysis, and protein synthesis, while decreasing insulin sensitivity.

Factors that stimulate GH secretion include hypoglycemia, exercise, and sleep.

Post-prandial phase when the body absorbs and stores nutrients.

Insulin promotes storage of glucose, protein, and fat following meals.

Increased glucagon secretion helps prevent hypoglycemia during the fed state.

Mobilization of stored fuel to provide energy when not eating.

Increased epinephrine helps promote energy production during fasting.

Growth hormone increases during fasting to promote fat usage and limit insulin.

Stimulates further energy mobilization and increases during extended fasting.

During starvation, glucagon is suppressed, while epinephrine and growth hormone increase.

A test that reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.

Specific glucose levels used to diagnose diabetes type and status.

An autoimmune condition leading to near-zero insulin production primarily in youth.

Characterized by insulin insensitivity, often related to obesity.

Common symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.

Measures glucose response after consuming a glucose solution.

A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high ketone levels and blood acidity.

Shift in metabolism from building up to breaking down substances, leading to increased energy release.

The process by which the liver produces ketones during low glucose availability; can lead to ketoacidosis.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter in the small intestine, responsible for glucose absorption into the bloodstream.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter in kidneys that reabsorbs glucose back into the blood.

Condition where glucose is present in urine due to high blood sugar levels exceeding renal reabsorption capacity.

Glucose transporter in beta cells that facilitates glucose entry to stimulate insulin secretion.

Glucose transporter activated by insulin; primarily facilitates glucose entry into muscle cells during exercise.

Nerve damage in diabetes that affects sensory and motor function, often causing pain and numbness.

Eye disease related to diabetes, causing damage to the retina and potentially leading to blindness.

Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen that can damage cells and tissues, increased in diabetes complications.

Compounds formed when sugar binds to proteins; contribute to complications in diabetes.

Acute complication of diabetes characterized by severe insulin deficiency, causing metabolic acidosis from ketone production.

Desirable levels are less than 200 mg/dL; high levels start at 240 mg/dL.

Optimal is less than 100 mg/dL; high begins at 160 mg/dL.

Normal is under 150 mg/dL; high starts from 200 mg/dL.

Desirable is less than 130 mg/dL; very high is above 190 mg/dL.

Low for men is under 40 mg/dL, under 50 mg/dL for women; high is over 60 mg/dL for both.

Normal range is 0.3 to 5 mIU/L; high TSH indicates hypothyroidism.

Total T4 normal is 4 to 12 mcg/dL; higher in pregnancy and lower in malnutrition.

Normal range is 80 to 200 ng/dL; T3 is more potent than T4.

Morning levels are 6 to 25 mcg/dL; evening 3 to 16 mcg/dL.

Used to screen for Cushing syndrome; involves administering dexamethasone.

Hormones released during stress that raise glucose levels.

The conversion of fatty acids into ketone bodies.

Symptoms occurring at low blood glucose levels, often below 70 mg/dL.

A measure of average blood glucose levels over three months.

Blood glucose measured after not eating for at least 8 hours.

Excessive urination often associated with hyperglycemia.

One of the major ketone bodies produced during ketosis.

Symptoms of acidosis caused by high ketone levels including fruity breath.

A condition where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin.

Insulin-producing cells in the pancreas that respond to blood glucose levels.

A glucose transporter on beta cells; reduced in Type II Diabetes.

Rapid release of insulin after glucose intake, reduced in Type II Diabetes.

Sustained release of insulin after the first phase, present but diminished in Type II Diabetes.

Excess body weight increases the risk and complications of Type II Diabetes.

Diabetes occurring during pregnancy due to insulin resistance.

Large birth weight in babies, associated with gestational diabetes.

Indicator of insulin production; measurable in Type II diabetes.

Health issues arising from lack of management in diabetes, including increased glucose levels.

Having higher than normal insulin levels, often seen in Type II Diabetes.

Increased levels are a sign of fat breakdown and insulin resistance.