30 Questions
Who is considered the greatest physiologist of all time?
Claude Bernard
Who discovered continuous blood circulation?
William Harvey
Who proposed the treatment commonly in use today?
Claudius Galenus (Galen)
Who accurately rendered bones, muscles, nerves, internal organs, and blood vessels?
Vesalius
Who discovered the hierarchical structure of the nervous system and observed the heart as a muscle 'pump'?
Leonardo da Vinci
Who studied human anatomy for artistic purposes?
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Who won the Nobel Prize for describing the adaptation of blood perfusion in muscles and other organs?
August Krogh
What are the three energy systems involved in metabolism?
ATP-PC, Glycolysis, Aerobic (OP)
What are the substrates used by each energy system?
PCr (Creatine), Glycolysis uses glucose (carbohydrates), Aerobic (OP) uses mostly carbs and fats, with some proteins
Which energy system has the lowest inertia?
PCr (Creatine)
Which energy system has the highest ATP production rate?
PCr (Creatine)
Which energy system has the highest capacity/duration?
OP (Oxidative phosphorylation)
Which energy system gets fatigued quickly?
PCr (Creatine)
What is the main factor that determines the reliance on the anaerobic system?
The level of fitness (training)
What is the function of Adenylate kinase?
To help maintain ATP levels
What is the net production of ATP in glycolysis?
2 ATP
What is the end product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvates
What is the role of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)?
To convert pyruvate into lactate and lactate into pyruvate
What are the five isoforms of LDH?
LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH4, LDH5
Which fiber type produces more lactate?
Type 2 (fast twitch) fibers
What stimulates glycolysis and lactate production?
Muscle contraction (Ca2+)
What are the two main ways in which lactate is removed from the body?
Oxidation (~70%) and gluconeogenesis/gluconeogenesis (~20%)
Where does the Cori cycle take place?
In the liver
What is the definition of exercise physiology?
Exercise physiology explains the body's responses to exercise/training to maximize physical potential and involves the generation and consumption of metabolic energy during physical activity.
What are three reasons why it is important to study exercise physiology?
Three reasons why it is important to study exercise physiology are: 1) Understanding physiological changes in response to exercise and how to modify training programs, 2) Promoting physical activity by understanding its benefits and dispelling exercise myths, and 3) Maximizing health and performance through research in the field.
Who considered obesity a disease in ancient Greece?
Sushruta, an Indian physician/surgeon, considered obesity a disease.
What did Herodicus advocate in physical training?
Herodicus advocated the importance of proper diet in physical training.
Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Medicine'?
Hippocrates is considered the 'Father of Modern Medicine'.
What approach did Hippocrates revolutionize medical practice with?
Hippocrates revolutionized medical practice with a rational, scientific approach.
What are three key figures in the historical context of exercise physiology?
Three key figures in the historical context of exercise physiology are: 1) Sushruta, an Indian physician/surgeon who considered obesity a disease, 2) Herodicus, who advocated the importance of proper diet in physical training, and 3) Hippocrates, the 'Father of Modern Medicine' who revolutionized medical practice.
Study Notes
Physiologists and Their Contributions
- The greatest physiologist of all time is considered to be Harvey, who discovered continuous blood circulation.
- Galen proposed the treatment commonly in use today.
- Vesalius accurately rendered bones, muscles, nerves, internal organs, and blood vessels.
- Galen discovered the hierarchical structure of the nervous system and observed the heart as a muscle 'pump'.
- Da Vinci studied human anatomy for artistic purposes.
Nobel Prize and Energy Systems
- The Nobel Prize was won for describing the adaptation of blood perfusion in muscles and other organs.
- The three energy systems involved in metabolism are:
- Phosphocreatine (PCr) system
- Lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis) system
- Oxidative (aerobic) system
- Substrates used by each energy system:
- PCr system: Phosphocreatine
- Lactic acid system: Glucose
- Oxidative system: Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
- The PCr system has the lowest inertia.
- The Oxidative system has the highest ATP production rate.
- The Oxidative system has the highest capacity/duration.
- The PCr system gets fatigued quickly.
- The main factor that determines the reliance on the anaerobic system is the intensity of exercise.
Lactate Dehydrogenase and Glycolysis
- Adenylate kinase's function is to replenish ATP during high-intensity exercise.
- The net production of ATP in glycolysis is 2 ATP.
- The end product of glycolysis is Pyruvate.
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) converts Pyruvate to Lactate.
- The five isoforms of LDH are LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4, and LDH-5.
- Fast-twitch fibers produce more lactate.
- Glycolysis and lactate production are stimulated by high-intensity exercise.
- Lactate is removed from the body through the liver and kidneys.
- The Cori cycle takes place in the liver.
Exercise Physiology and Its Importance
- Exercise physiology is the study of the physiological responses and adaptations to exercise.
- Three reasons why it is important to study exercise physiology are:
- To improve athletic performance
- To enhance health and wellness
- To prevent and manage chronic diseases
Historical Context of Exercise Physiology
- Hippocrates considered obesity a disease in ancient Greece.
- Herodicus advocated for physical training as a treatment for disease.
- Hippocrates is considered the 'Father of Modern Medicine' and revolutionized medical practice with a holistic approach.
- Three key figures in the historical context of exercise physiology are:
- Hippocrates
- Galen
- Herodicus
Test your knowledge on ATPase enzymes, phosphocreatine, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation in this quiz! Learn about the different types of metabolism and how they are influenced by different types of workouts.
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