Chapter 4 Review
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How does oxygen debt occur?

  • During rest, the body's oxygen supply is insufficient to meet the energy demands, so it relies on anaerobic respiration, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles which needs to be removed later by increased oxygen consumption.
  • During rest, the body's oxygen supply is sufficient to meet the energy demands, leading to the production of lactic acid which needs to be removed later by increased oxygen consumption.
  • During intense exercise, the body's oxygen supply is insufficient to meet the energy demands, so it relies on anaerobic respiration, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles which needs to be removed later by increased oxygen consumption. (correct)
  • During intense exercise, the body's oxygen supply is sufficient to meet the energy demands, leading to the production of lactic acid which needs to be removed later by increased oxygen consumption.

    • What is the primary role of oxygen debt?

  • To replenish ATP stores in muscles after exercise.
  • To provide energy for the contraction of muscles during exercise.
  • To remove lactic acid buildup in muscles after exercise. (correct)
  • To reduce the body temperature during exercise.
  • To maintain muscle contraction during intense exercise.

    • Which process is directly involved in creating a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule?

  • Translation
  • Glycolysis
  • Transcription (correct)
  • Replication

    • What is the main function of a triplet?

    <p>To code for a specific amino acid in protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does translation differ from transcription?

    <p>Transcription uses DNA as a template, while translation uses RNA as a template. (A), Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the sugar molecules found in DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of uracil in RNA?

    <p>Uracil replaces thymine in RNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?

    <p>A double helix formed by two complementary strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the group of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in the cells of the body?

    <p>Metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the removal of a water molecule to join two smaller molecules?

    <p>Dehydration synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones?

    <p>Catabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In enzyme action, what is the role of the active site?

    <p>To bind the substrate and facilitate the reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions that feed into each other?

    <p>Metabolic pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a coenzyme?

    <p>A small organic molecule often derived from vitamins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical form of energy that can be utilized by cells?

    <p>Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ADP and ATP differ structurally?

    <p>ADP has two phosphate groups, while ATP has three phosphate groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration can occur without oxygen, while aerobic requires oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?

    <p>In the cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

    <p>NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the starting chemicals for the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?

    <p>32 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total maximum number of ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule?

    <p>38 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Citric acid cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of the glycolysis process?

    <p>2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Providing the template for protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the anticodon on tRNA correspond to in mRNA?

    <p>A complementary three-base sequence on mRNA codons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA serves as a structural component of the ribosome?

    <p>rRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a codon?

    <p>To signal the start or end of a gene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ATP molecule holds the energy used in metabolism?

    <p>The phosphate bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the reactions of anaerobic respiration occur within a cell?

    <p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sequence describes the correct steps in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

    <p>Substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, product+enzyme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ATP and cellular respiration?

    <p>ATP is more abundant during cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes anabolism?

    <p>Anabolism involves the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes?

    <p>Enzymes can alter the equilibrium point of a reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cellular metabolism, what is the primary role of ATP?

    <p>ATP is the energy currency of cells, readily providing energy for metabolic processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between ADP and ATP?

    <p>ADP is a product of ATP hydrolysis, while ATP is a product of ADP phosphorylation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a cofactor in enzyme action?

    <p>Cofactors are non-protein components that enhance the activity of certain enzymes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is TRUE?

    <p>The electron transport chain produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?

    <p>Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly represents the flow of genetic information during protein synthesis?

    <p>DNA → mRNA → tRNA → protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To transport specific amino acids to the ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a codon in mRNA?

    <p>A three-base sequence that corresponds to an amino acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the relationship between a codon and an anticodon?

    <p>The anticodon is complementary to the codon on mRNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for forming peptide bonds during translation?

    <p>rRNA within the ribosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is essential for the structural component of ribosomes?

    <p>rRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule?

    <p>To carry the genetic information for protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvate are produced from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Pyruvate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the electron transport chain take place?

    <p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes anaerobic respiration?

    <p>It uses an electron acceptor other than oxygen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

    <p>They act as electron carriers, transferring electrons to the electron transport chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the total ATP production from one glucose molecule?

    <p>A maximum of 32 ATP molecules are produced, with 2 from glycolysis and 30 from the electron transport chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the citric acid cycle contribute to ATP production?

    <p>It generates NADH and FADH2, which are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration occurs only in the absence of oxygen, while aerobic respiration occurs only in the presence of oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the elevated breathing rate after intense exercise?

    <p>To restore the body's energy stores by metabolizing lactic acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a triplet in DNA?

    <p>To determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is found in the nucleus, while RNA is found in the cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transcription?

    <p>To produce a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that carries the genetic code for a specific protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a ribosome in translation?

    <p>To bind to mRNA and tRNA molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between transcription and translation?

    <p>Transcription creates a copy of a specific DNA sequence, while translation uses that copy to build a protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what determines the specific amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide chain?

    <p>The sequence of codons in the mRNA molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tRNA in translation?

    <p>To transport specific amino acids to the ribosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism

    • Metabolism is the collective chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy within cells.
    • Anabolism is the building of larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy. It involves dehydration synthesis, where a water molecule is removed to join two smaller molecules. An example of this is joining two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide.
    • Catabolism is the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones. This process uses hydrolysis, where a water molecule is added to break chemical bonds within a larger molecule. An example of this is breaking down sucrose (a disaccharide) into glucose and fructose (monosaccharides).

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes regulate the rate of metabolic reactions within a cell. They don't change during the reactions.
    • Enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy.
    • A substrate is the specific molecule an enzyme acts upon and transforms into a different product.
    • The active site is the region where a substrate molecule binds and undergoes a chemical reaction with a specific part of the substrate by temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • A metabolic pathway is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that work together; either for synthesis or breakdown of substances. These reactions often feed into each other.
    • Cofactors are non-protein components (Often vitamins or derived from vitamins). Coenzymes are small organic cofactors essential for enzyme function.

    Energy in Cells

    • The primary energy source for cells is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
    • ATP has three phosphate groups, whereas ADP has two.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce energy.
    • Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
    • Cellular respiration involves three major processes: Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain.

    Glycolysis

    • Location: cytoplasm
    • Aerobic/Anaerobic: Anaerobic
    • Starting Chemicals: 6 carbon glucose molecule.
    • Products: 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP, high-energy electrons

    Citric Acid Cycle

    • Location: mitochondria
    • Aerobic/Anaerobic: Aerobic
    • Starting Chemicals: Pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl CoA.
    • Products: carbon dioxide, 2 ATP, and high-energy electrons

    Electron Transport Chain

    • Location: mitochondria

    • Aerobic/Anaerobic: Aerobic

    • Starting Chemicals: NADH and FADH2

    • Products: Water, ATP

    • The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule produces a maximum of 38 ATP molecules.

    Oxygen Debt

    • Oxygen debt is the extra oxygen needed after intense exercise to restore normal metabolic processes, removing lactic acid build-up.

    Genetic Information

    • DNA is a double helix, made of nucleotides with adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bases.
    • DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself to ensure each new cell receives the complete genetic information.
    • RNA is single-stranded, using uracil instead of thymine, and its sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose.
    • A triplet is a three-base sequence in DNA/RNA that codes for an amino acid, also called a codon.

    Transcription and Translation

    • Transcription is the process of copying a specific DNA sequence into an mRNA molecule, which occurs in the nucleus.

    • Translation is the process where the mRNA sequence dictates the assembly of an amino acid chain (protein), guided by tRNA and occurring at ribosomes.

    • Three types of RNA and their functions include:

      • mRNA (messenger RNA): carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes, specifying the amino acid sequence.
      • tRNA (transfer RNA): carries specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to the codon on the mRNA.
      • rRNA (ribosomal RNA): forms the structural component of ribosomes and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

    • mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons are complementary sequences.

    • Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making specific proteins.

    Additional Information

    • The organelle where aerobic respiration happens is the Mitochondria.
    • ATP's phosphate bonds hold the energy used in metabolism.
    • The DNA's genetic information is stored in the nitrogenous bases.
    • Anaerobic respiration happens in the cytoplasm.
    • Chemical reactions can be sped up by an enzyme, called catalysis or using chemical energy. This process is called catalysis.

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    BIO 163 Ch. 4 Study Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in metabolism, including anabolism and catabolism, as well as the role of enzymes in regulating chemical reactions. Review how energy is acquired, stored, and released in cells, and understand the importance of substrates and active sites in enzyme function.

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