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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of catabolic reactions in metabolism?
Which statement best describes the function of ATP in cellular metabolism?
In a redox reaction, what does the process of oxidation involve?
What does the acronym OIL RIG stand for in the context of metabolism?
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How do electrons contribute to ATP synthesis?
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What is the primary reason enzymes are necessary for metabolic reactions in cells?
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What happens to an enzyme when it is denatured?
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What defines the active site of an enzyme?
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Which suffix is commonly used to indicate that a molecule is an enzyme?
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What role do coenzymes and cofactors play in enzyme activity?
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What occurs in a metabolic pathway when one enzyme is missing or defective?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes?
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What is the difference between an apoenzyme and a holoenzyme?
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What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
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Which pathway is characterized by producing 1 ATP, NADPH, and G3P from glucose?
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What is produced during non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
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Which statement accurately describes the Calvin-Benson Cycle?
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What distinguishes chemoheterotrophs from photoautotrophs?
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Which organism is NOT typically classified as a photoautotroph?
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How many ATP are produced in fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
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What is a key characteristic of cyclic photophosphorylation?
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Which enzyme is primarily associated with the Entner Doudoroff pathway?
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What protects against malaria in people with G6PD deficiency?
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What must be done to pyruvate for it to enter the Krebs Cycle?
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What is the terminal electron acceptor of an aerobic electron transport chain?
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Which of the following is a product of fermentation?
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What is chemiosmosis primarily responsible for in the electron transport chain?
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How many ATPs are generated per cycle of β-oxidation?
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What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
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What is the main starting molecule for the fermentation process?
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Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of the Entner-Doudouroff pathway?
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What is the primary process by which fatty acids are catabolized?
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How many ATP are produced per cycle of beta-oxidation?
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Which of the following processes is involved in removing amino groups from amino acids?
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Which disease results from a defect in enzymes involved in metabolizing branched-chain amino acids?
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What is removed from amino acids during decarboxylation?
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Which molecules are routed to the Krebs cycle after amino acid processing?
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What is the main distinction between catabolism and anabolism in metabolic pathways?
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Which group is commonly cleaved from amino acids by proteases?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- All chemical reactions in a cell, both catabolic and anabolic reactions.
- Catabolic reactions break down large molecules to release energy and building blocks, while anabolic reactions use that energy to build larger molecules.
- ATP is the main energy supplier, linking catabolic and anabolic processes.
- Cells need ATP for biosynthesis, motility, and active transport.
Energy Capture
- Electrons carry energy.
- Electron transfer can involve naked electrons or hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-).
- Electron transfer plays a key role in ATP synthesis.
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons to an electron acceptor.
- Reduction: Gain of electrons from an electron donor.
- OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Losing electrons Reduction Is Gaining electrons.
- Electron carriers like NAD+, NADP, and FAD are frequently involved in redox reaction.
Enzymes
- Protein or RNA catalysts that accelerate reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Enzymes are named based on their substrate and/or action.
- Enzyme activity can be regulated by factors like competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition, and feedback inhibition.
Coenzymes & Cofactors
- Coenzymes are organic molecules that help enzymes.
- Cofactors are inorganic molecules that improve substrate fit.
Metabolic Pathways
- Series of chemical reactions where the product of one acts as the substrate for the next.
- Each step requires specific enzymes.
- If one enzyme is missing or defective, it can cause metabolic diseases.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Uses glucose to produce 5-carbon sugars (pentoses) for nucleic acid synthesis.
- Produces ATP and NADPH, which are essential for various anabolic processes.
- G6PD deficiency can lead to favaism but offers protection against malaria.
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
- Catabolizes glucose differently than glycolysis.
- Produces ATP, NADPH, and G3P.
- Used by certain bacteria and can be diagnostically detected by its unique intermediate.
Comparison of Fermentation & Aerobic Respiration
- Fermentation: Does not require oxygen, produces 2 ATP/glucose.
- Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, produces ~38 ATP/glucose.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Does not require oxygen, can produce up to 36 ATP/glucose.
Photosynthesis
- The process by which photoautotrophs use light energy to convert CO2 and H2O into glucose and oxygen.
- Occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.
- Light-dependent reactions capture light energy to generate ATP and NADPH.
- Light-independent reactions utilize ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 into glucose via the Calvin-Benson Cycle.
- Photoautotrophs are the producers in the food chain, providing energy for chemoheterotrophs.
Lipid Catabolism
- Fatty acids are broken down through beta-oxidation, producing ATP.
Protein Catabolism
- Proteins are cleaved into amino acids.
- Deamination, decarboxylation, and various enzymes remove amino groups, carboxyl groups, and R groups.
- The resulting C2 molecules enter the Krebs cycle.
- Maple syrup urine disease results from defects in the enzymes that metabolize branched-chain amino acids.
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Description
Test your knowledge on metabolism, energy capture, and enzyme functions. This quiz covers both catabolic and anabolic processes, the role of ATP, and the intricacies of electron transfer in energy synthesis. Additionally, understand the function of enzymes and their importance in biochemical reactions.