Metabolism and Energy: ATP and Cellular Processes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of a catalyst in a biochemical reaction?

  • To create a byproduct of the reaction
  • To increase the activation energy required for a reaction to occur
  • To participate in the reaction and become a reactant
  • To lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur (correct)

    • What is the function of an enzyme's active site?

  • To catalyze non-specific biochemical reactions
  • To bind with multiple substrates simultaneously
  • To bind with a specific substrate molecule (correct)
  • To increase the temperature of the reaction

    • What is the purpose of NAD+ in glycolysis?

  • To convert glucose to pyruvate
  • To reduce power in electron carrier molecules
  • To generate ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
  • To strip electrons from the sugar molecule (correct)

    • What is the end result of the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>The complete breakdown of pyruvate to carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibition occurs when an inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme?

    <p>Competitive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

    <p>To generate ATP from the energy released in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP in a cell?

    <p>To store energy in the form of phosphate bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of oxidation and reduction reactions in a cell?

    <p>Electrons are removed from one molecule and added to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation?

    <p>To generate ATP from ADP and Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'energy currency' in reference to ATP?

    <p>It is used for most metabolic processes that require energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ATP and ADP + Pi in a cell?

    <p>There is a constant cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in a cell?

    <p>To catalyze chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolism

    • Defined as chemical processes carried out by living organisms
    • Divided into two types of reactions: catabolism and anabolism
    • Catabolism: complex molecules broken down into smaller molecules + energy
    • Anabolism: small molecules + energy used to build complex molecules

    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    • Major energy carrier of the cell
    • Stores energy in phosphate bonds
    • ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy
    • Referred to as the “energy currency” for metabolic processes that require energy
    • An E. coli cell contains 5 million ATP molecules, but spends 2.5 million ATP molecules per second

    Making ATP

    • Can be made in several ways (all from ADP and Pi):
      • Substrate level phosphorylation: phosphate added from another organic molecule
      • Oxidative phosphorylation: energy released by electron transport is used
      • Photophosphorylation: light energy is used

    ATP and ADP Cycling

    • Constant cycling between ATP and ADP + Pi:
      • ADP + Pi + Energy → ATP

    Oxidation and Reduction

    • Oxidation: removal of electrons (e-) from a molecule (releases energy)
    • Reduction: addition of electrons (e-) to a molecule (stores energy)
    • Oxidation and reduction reactions are coupled

    Enzymes

    • Protein catalysts that speed up reactions without being consumed
    • React with specific substrates to catalyze biochemical reactions
    • Contain an active site for binding specific substrate molecules
    • Lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur
    • Can be affected by temperature, pH, enzyme, substrate, and reactant concentrations
    • Can be inhibited in several ways, including competitive and non-competitive inhibition

    Carbohydrate Metabolism

    • Breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy
    • Glucose is the most common carbohydrate source and central player in metabolism
    • Two types of carbohydrate metabolism: fermentation and cellular respiration
    • Both share a process called glycolysis

    Glycolysis

    • Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
    • Phosphates are added to glucose from ATP to activate it
    • Sugar is split in two
    • Reducing power is generated as NAD+ is converted to NADH
    • ATP is generated from substrate level phosphorylation
    • Summary equation: C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ → 2C3H4O3 + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O

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    Description

    Test your understanding of metabolism, ATP, and cellular processes. This quiz covers the definitions and types of metabolism, the role of ATP as an energy carrier, and its functions in the cell.

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