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Questions and Answers
What role does NADH play in cellular respiration?
How does FADH2 differ from NADH in terms of ATP production?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What happens in the absence of oxygen during cellular respiration?
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During the process of cellular respiration, what happens to hydrogen atoms from glucose?
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What is the primary difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes catabolism?
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What is produced when pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA?
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During which stage of cellular respiration is glucose completely oxidized?
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Which type of phosphorylation occurs during cellular respiration when ATP is formed from ADP using energy from the electron transport chain?
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What is the role of enzymes in the context of cellular respiration?
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What is the yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose during fermentation?
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Which molecule is primarily used by cells for energy storage and transfer?
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What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
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What happens to glucose during cellular respiration?
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What role do electron carriers like NADH and FADH serve in cellular respiration?
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What is produced as a result of the oxidation of glucose in cellular respiration?
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What happens to ATP after it transfers its energy to a molecule?
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During cellular respiration, what is the final electron acceptor?
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Which statement accurately describes oxidation in the context of cellular respiration?
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Why is the 'fall' of electrons during cellular respiration described as stepwise?
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What occurs during phosphorylation related to ATP?
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What is the general equation for cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones, using energy (e.g., protein synthesis).
- Catabolism breaks down molecules, releasing energy (e.g., cellular respiration).
Catabolism
- Fermentation occurs without oxygen, producing ATP only through glycolysis (2 ATP per glucose).
- Cellular Respiration requires oxygen and produces ATP via glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (up to 32 ATP per glucose).
Energy Harvest Principles
- Cellular respiration and fermentation are catabolic energy-yielding pathways.
- Cells use ATP for work.
- Redox reactions release energy as electrons move between atoms.
- Cellular respiration involves electrons “falling” from organic molecules to oxygen.
- The "fall" of electrons is stepwise and requires carriers.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules, releasing energy.
- Food is fuel for cellular respiration.
- It involves movement of electrons (gain or loss).
- The equation is: Organic compounds + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy.
- We will study the breakdown of glucose as an example.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- Consists of adenine, ribose (a sugar), and three phosphate groups.
- Stores energy in the high-energy bonds between its phosphate groups.
- Transfers energy for cellular work by releasing one phosphate group to form ADP.
Phosphorylation
- The transfer of the terminal phosphate group from ATP to another molecule.
- Changes the shape of the receiving molecule to become active.
- When the phosphate group leaves, the molecule returns to its inactive shape.
Redox Reactions in Cellular Respiration
- Glucose and fuel molecules are oxidized, releasing energy.
- Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced, and electrons lose potential energy.
- H+ is the source of electrons transferred to O-.
- Glucose has abundant hydrogen, a source of electrons that “fall” to oxygen.
- Enzymes (dehydrogenases) lower activation energy, allowing fuels to be oxidized.
- The resulting energy is used for ATP synthesis.
Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation: loss of electrons from a molecule.
- Reduction: gain of electrons by a molecule.
- Redox reactions are essential for energy production in cells.
Role of NADH in Cellular Respiration
- Carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC).
- NADH is oxidized back to NAD+ in the ETC, allowing ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
Role of FADH2 in Cellular Respiration
- Carries electrons to the ETC but feeds them at a later point than NADH.
- Contributes to the production of fewer ATP molecules compared to NADH.
Role of Oxygen in Cellular Respiration
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
- Without oxygen, the ETC cannot function.
- Oxygen combines with electrons and protons to form water, by-product of cellular respiration.
- Without oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation halts, forcing cells to rely on fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
Summary of Electron "Fall" Steps during Respiration
- The process of electrons falling from glucose to oxygen is gradual, not a single event.
- Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
- Hydrogen atoms from glucose first pass to the coenzyme NAD+ to form NADH.
- Then, electrons from NADH move to the electron transport chain and finally to oxygen, releasing energy to form ATP.
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Description
Explore the concepts of metabolism, including anabolism and catabolism, with a focus on cellular respiration and fermentation. This quiz will test your knowledge on energy harvest principles and the pathways that yield energy in cells. Delve into how ATP is produced and the role of redox reactions in cellular processes.