Metabolic Pathways Overview
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Questions and Answers

The process of turning non-carbohydrate sources to glucose in the liver is known as:

  • Beta oxidation
  • Glycolysis
  • O2 deficit
  • OBLA
  • Steady state
  • Gluconeogenesis (correct)
  • Cori Cycle
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Ventilatory threshold
  • EPOC

    • ___ links glucose production in the liver with glucose breakdown in the muscle cells.

  • Glycolysis
  • Cori Cycle (correct)
  • Beta oxidation
  • O2 deficit
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • EPOC
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Ventilatory threshold
  • OBLA
  • Steady state

    • The point when respiration rate increases much more rapidly than workload is called:

  • EPOC
  • OBLA
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Steady state
  • Cori Cycle
  • Glycolysis
  • Ventilatory threshold (correct)
  • O2 deficit
  • Beta oxidation
  • Gluconeogenesis

    • ___ is the breakdown of fats prior to entering the Krebs Cycle.

    <p>Beta oxidation (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The point when lactic acid is accumulating in the blood is known as:

    <p>OBLA (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dr. Musal Kramp of Watsa Matta University in Arkansas has recently stated that 800-meter runners will soon run in a time of 1 minute 12 seconds (1:12), rather than the current time of 1 minute 40 seconds (1:40). Dr. Musal's statement means a time of 9 seconds per 100 meters. Support or refute this claim.

    <p>This claim is highly unlikely and unrealistic. While advancements in training, nutrition, and genetics might lead to improvements in performance, a drastic reduction from 1:40 to 1:12 in the 800 meters is highly improbable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to a 1,500 metre race Runner A and B both warm up. Runner A jogs, dynamic stretches and does light sprints. Runner B static stretches only. If both runners have equal abilities (consistent energy system performance and VO≥ max), which runner has the edge? Explain in detail.

    <p>Runner A would have the edge. While both runners have equal abilities, Runner A's dynamic warm-up provides several advantages:</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of planes of movement?

    <p>The three planes of movement are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following planes of movement with their corresponding axes of movement

    <p>Sagittal = Horizontal Frontal = Antero-posterior (frontal) Transverse = Longitudinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane of movement and around which axis does a lateral shoulder raise occur?

    <p>Frontal and Antero-posterior (frontal) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane of movement and around which axis does a walking lunge occur?

    <p>Sagittal and horizontal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane of movement and around which axis does a preacher curl (elbow) occur?

    <p>Sagittal and horizontal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane of movement and around which axis does a horizontal cable wood chop occur?

    <p>Transverse and Longitudinal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane of movement and around which axis does a cable hip abduction occur?

    <p>Frontal and Antero-posterior (frontal) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which plane of movement and around which axis does a Pec Fly Machine occur?

    <p>Transverse and Longitudinal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skeletal muscle shape is shown in the image (assume image shows a muscle with a wide center tapering toward the ends)

    <p>Fusiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "knee jerk" is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor neurons detect or sense information from the outside world, such as light, sound, touch, and heat.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle is voluntary and striated.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle performs many important functions in the body, including heat production.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thin myofilaments, called actin, are formed into cross bridges that pull on the thick filaments during contraction.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When diagnosing muscle strains, 1 degree is the most severe.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles and tendons are prone to sprains, while ligaments are prone to strains.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A somersault takes place in the frontal plane around the horizontal axis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anatomical position is standing straight, looking forward, arms at your side with hands facing forward.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elbow joint is proximal to the shoulder.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard position used to describe the locations and relationships of anatomical parts of your body?

    <p>Anatomical position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the axial skeleton?

    <p>The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appendicular skeleton?

    <p>The appendicular skeleton consists of the movable limbs and their supporting structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cartilage?

    <p>Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue found at the ends of long bones, helping to cushion joints and promote smooth movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technical name for a bone “break”?

    <p>Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dislocation?

    <p>A dislocation occurs when a bone is displaced from its original location at a joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the landmark indicating where one sarcomere ends and the next begins?

    <p>Z line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a motor unit?

    <p>A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers that it stimulates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "all or nothing" principle?

    <p>The &quot;all or nothing&quot; principle states that when a motor unit is stimulated to contract, it will do so to its fullest potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sliding filament theory?

    <p>The sliding filament theory describes how muscles produce force through the interaction of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments, sliding past each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with their location in the cell:

    <p>ATP = Cytoplasm Glycolysis = Cytoplasm Cellular Respiration = Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with whether they are primarily anaerobic or aerobic:

    <p>ATP = Anaerobic Glycolysis = Anaerobic Cellular Respiration = Aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with the number of ATP molecules they produce:

    <p>ATP = 1 Glycolysis = 2 Cellular Respiration = 36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with their primary energy source:

    <p>ATP = Phosphate Creatine Glycolysis = Glucose/Glycogen Cellular Respiration = Glycogen, fats, and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with their duration of activity:

    <p>ATP = 0-10 seconds Glycolysis = Under 120 seconds Cellular Respiration = 120 seconds and beyond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with their byproducts:

    <p>ATP = None Glycolysis = Lactic Acid Cellular Respiration = CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with examples of physical activity relying on the system:

    <p>ATP = Sprints Glycolysis = Hockey Shift Cellular Respiration = Full Game of Hockey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the metabolic pathways with their limitations:

    <p>ATP = Short Duration Glycolysis = Lactic Acid Byproduct Cellular Respiration = Takes longer to make ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Outline Newton's second law of motion and provide an explanation and a sport/activity.

    <p>Newton's second law of motion, also known as the law of acceleration, states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass. This means an object with more mass will experience less acceleration compared to a lighter object when the same force is applied. For example, consider a professional tennis player hitting a ball compared to an amateur player. The professional player is able to generate a greater force, resulting in a faster acceleration of the tennis ball.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the principle of stability and describe how it is utilized by football linemen.

    <p>The principle of stability in biomechanics focuses on maintaining balance and resisting motion. Three key factors contribute to stability: base of support, mass, and center of mass. A wider base of support, greater mass, and a lower center of mass all contribute to greater stability. In football, linemen utilize these principles by adopting a wide stance with their feet positioned apart, maximizing their base of support. Their massive weight (mass) provides additional stability, and they often crouch low, lowering their center of mass to improve resistance to opposing forces. This combination of factors helps linemen maintain their balance and effectively resist the forces generated by opposing players.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A basketball has a mass of 600 g while a baseball has a mass of 150 g. If a force of 10 N is applied separately to each object, calculate the acceleration of each object. Show your work for full marks.

    <p>To calculate acceleration, we can use Newton's second law of motion: F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration. Rearranging the formula to solve for acceleration: a = F/m. First, we need to convert the masses from grams to kilograms (1 kg = 1000 g): * Basketball mass (m): 600 g / 1000 g/kg = 0.6 kg * Baseball mass (m): 150 g / 1000 g/kg = 0.15 kg Now, we can calculate the acceleration for each object: * Basketball acceleration (a): a = F/m = 10 N / 0.6 kg = 16.67 m/s² * Baseball acceleration (a): a = F/m = 10 N / 0.15 kg = 66.67 m/s² Therefore, the basketball will have an acceleration of 16.67 m/s², while the baseball will have an acceleration of 66.67 m/s². This difference in acceleration is due to the difference in their masses. The baseball, being lighter, will accelerate much faster than the basketball when the same force is applied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. What type of lever is this?

    <p>A dumbbell biceps curl utilizes a Class 3 lever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. On the diagram below, label effort, resistance, axis, effort arm, and resistance arm.

    <p>The effort arm is the distance between the elbow joint (axis) and the point where the force is applied by the bicep muscle (effort). This arm is shorter in a Class 3 lever. The resistance arm is the distance between the elbow joint (axis) and the center of the dumbbell (resistance). This arm is longer.</p> <p>Effort: The bicep muscle contracting to lift the dumbbell Resistance: The dumbbell being lifted Axis: The elbow joint (where the movement rotates) Effort Arm: The distance from the elbow joint to the bicep muscle attachment point Resistance Arm: The distance from the elbow joint to the center of the dumbbell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. What is the mechanical advantage of this lever? (MA = 1, MA > 1, MA < 1) Explain how you determined this.

    <p>The mechanical advantage of a dumbbell biceps curl is less than 1 (MA &lt; 1). This is because the effort arm (the distance from the elbow joint to the point where the bicep muscle attaches) is shorter than the resistance arm (the distance from the elbow joint to the center of the dumbbell). In this case, the effort arm is much smaller than the resistance arm, indicating that the person needs to exert more effort to lift the dumbbell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. If the exercise changed to a triceps pull down, would the lever type or mechanical advantage change? Explain.

    <p>Yes, both the lever type and mechanical advantage would change if the exercise switched to a triceps pull-down. A triceps pull-down utilizes a Class 1 lever, where the axis (elbow joint) is located between the effort (triceps muscle) and the resistance (weight). However, the mechanical advantage remains less than 1 (MA &lt; 1) because the effort arm (from the elbow to the triceps attachment) is still shorter than the resistance arm (from the elbow to the weight). This allows for greater speed and range of motion, prioritizing those aspects over strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation of tidal volume is a passive process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation of expiratory reserve volume is a passive process.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Metabolic Pathways

    • ATP-CP (Adenosine Triphosphate-Creatine Phosphate): Provides short bursts of energy (up to 10 seconds). Primarily used in 100-meter sprints.
    • Glycolysis: Breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose/glycogen). Provides energy for activities lasting up to 120 seconds. Produces lactic acid as a byproduct. Examples include hockey shifts, sprints, and shorter-duration high-intensity activities.
    • Cellular Respiration: Uses glycogen, fats, and proteins as energy sources. Provides energy for activities lasting 120 seconds or more. Produces carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Examples include longer sporting events, endurance training, and activities requiring longer periods of relatively high energy production.
      • Location: ATP - cytoplasm; Glycolysis - cytoplasm; Cellular Respiration - mitochondria
      • Anaerobic/Aerobic: ATP - anaerobic; Glycolysis - anaerobic/aerobic; Cellular Respiration - aerobic
      • ATP Produced: ATP - 1; Glycolysis - 2; Cellular Respiration - 36
      • Energy Source: ATP - phosphagen system; Glycolysis - glucose/glycogen; Cellular Respiration - glycogen, fats, and proteins
      • Duration: ATP - 0-10 seconds; Glycolysis - <120 seconds; Cellular Respiration - > 120 seconds
      • Byproducts: ATP - none; Glycolysis - lactic acid; Cellular Respiration - CO₂ and H₂O

    Other Key Concepts

    • EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption): Elevated respiratory rate after exercise. Indicates the body is working to replenish energy stores and remove metabolic byproducts.
    • Gluconeogenesis: The liver's process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
    • Cori Cycle: Links glucose production in the liver with glucose breakdown in muscle cells.
    • Ventilatory Threshold: The point where respiration rate increases rapidly with workload.
    • OBLA (Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation): The point when lactate acid begins accumulating in the blood.
    • Myoglobin: Oxygen-binding protein in muscle tissue, helping regulate oxygen availability during activity.
    • Steady State: The point when energy from aerobic sources meets energy demand during exercise.
    • VO₂ max: Maximum volume of oxygen the body can use during exercise.
    • Oxygen Deficit: The difference between the oxygen required for an activity and the oxygen actually consumed initially. Often larger when not warmed up adequately before exercise.

    Mechanics of Movement

    • Newton's Second Law of Motion (Acceleration): Force = mass x acceleration. Different masses require different force to achieve the same acceleration rate
    • Principles of Stability (e.g., football linemen): Larger base of support, lower center of mass, greater mass provide greater stability.
    • Levers and Mechanical Advantage: Levers can reduce the amount of force needed for a movement; Class 3 levers (like biceps curls) have a mechanical advantage less than 1 (speed and range of motion prioritized).

    Anatomy and Physiology

    • Planes and Axes:
      • Frontal plane/Anteroposterior axis
      • Sagittal plane/horizontal axis
      • Transverse plane/longitudinal axis
    • Examples of movements in each plane: Lateral shoulder raise (frontal/Anteroposterior axis), Walking Lunge (sagittal/horizontal axis), Preacher curl (sagittal/horizontal axis), Horizontal cable wood chop (transverse/longitudinal axis), Cable hip abduction (frontal/Anteroposterior axis), Pec fly machine (transverse/longitudinal axis)
    • Skeletal muscle shapes: Fusiform.
    • Reflexes: The knee-jerk reflex is a monosynaptic reflex. Motor neurons do not sense information from the outside world.
    • Muscle Types: Cardiac muscle is involuntary and not striated.
    • Muscle Functions: Muscles produce heat.
    • Muscle Structure: Thin filaments are called actin, and thick filaments are called myosin. These move past each other to produce force.
    • Muscle Injuries: Sprains are ligament injuries, and strains are muscle injuries. A 1st degree strain is not the most severe.
    • Anatomical Position: Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward.
    • Skeletal System: Axial (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and appendicular (limbs) skeletons.
    • Bone Tissue: Cartilage at the ends of long bones for smooth movement and protection.
    • Bone Injuries: Fracture - break; Dislocation - displacement.
    • Muscle Contraction: Z-line is the landmark separating one sarcomere from another and a motor unit is a motor neuron, its axon, and the associated muscle fibres. Muscles contract based on the sliding filament theory.
    • Inhalation and Exhalation: Inhalation is active, and exhalation is passive, assuming tidal volume. Expiratory reserve volume exhalation is not passive.

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    Explore the three key metabolic pathways: ATP-CP, Glycolysis, and Cellular Respiration. This quiz covers their differences, energy production durations, and examples from various sports. Test your knowledge on how these pathways function and their contributions to energy production.

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