Metabolic Pathways Overview

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Questions and Answers

The process of turning non-carbohydrate sources to glucose in the liver is known as:

Beta oxidation
Glycolysis
O2 deficit
OBLA
Steady state
Gluconeogenesis (correct)
Cori Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Ventilatory threshold
EPOC

___ links glucose production in the liver with glucose breakdown in the muscle cells.

Glycolysis
Cori Cycle (correct)
Beta oxidation
O2 deficit
Citric Acid Cycle
EPOC
Gluconeogenesis
Ventilatory threshold
OBLA
Steady state

The point when respiration rate increases much more rapidly than workload is called:

EPOC
OBLA
Citric Acid Cycle
Steady state
Cori Cycle
Glycolysis
Ventilatory threshold (correct)
O2 deficit
Beta oxidation
Gluconeogenesis

___ is the breakdown of fats prior to entering the Krebs Cycle.

Beta oxidation (E) Signup and view all the answers

The point when lactic acid is accumulating in the blood is known as:

OBLA (I) Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Musal Kramp of Watsa Matta University in Arkansas has recently stated that 800-meter runners will soon run in a time of 1 minute 12 seconds (1:12), rather than the current time of 1 minute 40 seconds (1:40). Dr. Musal's statement means a time of 9 seconds per 100 meters. Support or refute this claim.

This claim is highly unlikely and unrealistic. While advancements in training, nutrition, and genetics might lead to improvements in performance, a drastic reduction from 1:40 to 1:12 in the 800 meters is highly improbable. Signup and view all the answers

Prior to a 1,500 metre race Runner A and B both warm up. Runner A jogs, dynamic stretches and does light sprints. Runner B static stretches only. If both runners have equal abilities (consistent energy system performance and VO≥ max), which runner has the edge? Explain in detail.

Runner A would have the edge. While both runners have equal abilities, Runner A's dynamic warm-up provides several advantages: Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of planes of movement?

The three planes of movement are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following planes of movement with their corresponding axes of movement

Sagittal = Horizontal Frontal = Antero-posterior (frontal) Transverse = Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

In which plane of movement and around which axis does a lateral shoulder raise occur?

Frontal and Antero-posterior (frontal) (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which plane of movement and around which axis does a walking lunge occur?

Sagittal and horizontal (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which plane of movement and around which axis does a preacher curl (elbow) occur?

Sagittal and horizontal (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which plane of movement and around which axis does a horizontal cable wood chop occur?

Transverse and Longitudinal (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which plane of movement and around which axis does a cable hip abduction occur?

Frontal and Antero-posterior (frontal) (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which plane of movement and around which axis does a Pec Fly Machine occur?

Transverse and Longitudinal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What skeletal muscle shape is shown in the image (assume image shows a muscle with a wide center tapering toward the ends)

Fusiform Signup and view all the answers

The "knee jerk" is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Motor neurons detect or sense information from the outside world, such as light, sound, touch, and heat.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle is voluntary and striated.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Muscle performs many important functions in the body, including heat production.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The thin myofilaments, called actin, are formed into cross bridges that pull on the thick filaments during contraction.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

When diagnosing muscle strains, 1 degree is the most severe.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Muscles and tendons are prone to sprains, while ligaments are prone to strains.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

A somersault takes place in the frontal plane around the horizontal axis.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Anatomical position is standing straight, looking forward, arms at your side with hands facing forward.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

The elbow joint is proximal to the shoulder.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard position used to describe the locations and relationships of anatomical parts of your body?

Anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

What is the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton consists of the movable limbs and their supporting structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is cartilage?

Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue found at the ends of long bones, helping to cushion joints and promote smooth movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the technical name for a bone “break”?

Fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is a dislocation?

A dislocation occurs when a bone is displaced from its original location at a joint. Signup and view all the answers

What is the landmark indicating where one sarcomere ends and the next begins?

Z line Signup and view all the answers

What is a motor unit?

A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers that it stimulates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the "all or nothing" principle?

The "all or nothing" principle states that when a motor unit is stimulated to contract, it will do so to its fullest potential. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sliding filament theory?

The sliding filament theory describes how muscles produce force through the interaction of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments, sliding past each other. Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with their location in the cell:

ATP = Cytoplasm Glycolysis = Cytoplasm Cellular Respiration = Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with whether they are primarily anaerobic or aerobic:

ATP = Anaerobic Glycolysis = Anaerobic Cellular Respiration = Aerobic Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with the number of ATP molecules they produce:

ATP = 1 Glycolysis = 2 Cellular Respiration = 36 Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with their primary energy source:

ATP = Phosphate Creatine Glycolysis = Glucose/Glycogen Cellular Respiration = Glycogen, fats, and proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with their duration of activity:

ATP = 0-10 seconds Glycolysis = Under 120 seconds Cellular Respiration = 120 seconds and beyond Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with their byproducts:

ATP = None Glycolysis = Lactic Acid Cellular Respiration = CO2 and H2O Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with examples of physical activity relying on the system:

ATP = Sprints Glycolysis = Hockey Shift Cellular Respiration = Full Game of Hockey Signup and view all the answers

Match the metabolic pathways with their limitations:

ATP = Short Duration Glycolysis = Lactic Acid Byproduct Cellular Respiration = Takes longer to make ATP Signup and view all the answers

Outline Newton's second law of motion and provide an explanation and a sport/activity.

Newton's second law of motion, also known as the law of acceleration, states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass. This means an object with more mass will experience less acceleration compared to a lighter object when the same force is applied. For example, consider a professional tennis player hitting a ball compared to an amateur player. The professional player is able to generate a greater force, resulting in a faster acceleration of the tennis ball. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the principle of stability and describe how it is utilized by football linemen.

The principle of stability in biomechanics focuses on maintaining balance and resisting motion. Three key factors contribute to stability: base of support, mass, and center of mass. A wider base of support, greater mass, and a lower center of mass all contribute to greater stability. In football, linemen utilize these principles by adopting a wide stance with their feet positioned apart, maximizing their base of support. Their massive weight (mass) provides additional stability, and they often crouch low, lowering their center of mass to improve resistance to opposing forces. This combination of factors helps linemen maintain their balance and effectively resist the forces generated by opposing players. Signup and view all the answers

A basketball has a mass of 600 g while a baseball has a mass of 150 g. If a force of 10 N is applied separately to each object, calculate the acceleration of each object. Show your work for full marks.

To calculate acceleration, we can use Newton's second law of motion: F = ma, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration. Rearranging the formula to solve for acceleration: a = F/m. First, we need to convert the masses from grams to kilograms (1 kg = 1000 g): * Basketball mass (m): 600 g / 1000 g/kg = 0.6 kg * Baseball mass (m): 150 g / 1000 g/kg = 0.15 kg Now, we can calculate the acceleration for each object: * Basketball acceleration (a): a = F/m = 10 N / 0.6 kg = 16.67 m/s² * Baseball acceleration (a): a = F/m = 10 N / 0.15 kg = 66.67 m/s² Therefore, the basketball will have an acceleration of 16.67 m/s², while the baseball will have an acceleration of 66.67 m/s². This difference in acceleration is due to the difference in their masses. The baseball, being lighter, will accelerate much faster than the basketball when the same force is applied. Signup and view all the answers

A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. What type of lever is this?

A dumbbell biceps curl utilizes a Class 3 lever. Signup and view all the answers

A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. On the diagram below, label effort, resistance, axis, effort arm, and resistance arm.

The effort arm is the distance between the elbow joint (axis) and the point where the force is applied by the bicep muscle (effort). This arm is shorter in a Class 3 lever. The resistance arm is the distance between the elbow joint (axis) and the center of the dumbbell (resistance). This arm is longer. Effort: The bicep muscle contracting to lift the dumbbell Resistance: The dumbbell being lifted Axis: The elbow joint (where the movement rotates) Effort Arm: The distance from the elbow joint to the bicep muscle attachment point Resistance Arm: The distance from the elbow joint to the center of the dumbbell Signup and view all the answers

A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. What is the mechanical advantage of this lever? (MA = 1, MA > 1, MA < 1) Explain how you determined this.

The mechanical advantage of a dumbbell biceps curl is less than 1 (MA < 1). This is because the effort arm (the distance from the elbow joint to the point where the bicep muscle attaches) is shorter than the resistance arm (the distance from the elbow joint to the center of the dumbbell). In this case, the effort arm is much smaller than the resistance arm, indicating that the person needs to exert more effort to lift the dumbbell. Signup and view all the answers

A person performs a dumbbell biceps curl at the gym. If the exercise changed to a triceps pull down, would the lever type or mechanical advantage change? Explain.

Yes, both the lever type and mechanical advantage would change if the exercise switched to a triceps pull-down. A triceps pull-down utilizes a Class 1 lever, where the axis (elbow joint) is located between the effort (triceps muscle) and the resistance (weight). However, the mechanical advantage remains less than 1 (MA < 1) because the effort arm (from the elbow to the triceps attachment) is still shorter than the resistance arm (from the elbow to the weight). This allows for greater speed and range of motion, prioritizing those aspects over strength. Signup and view all the answers

Inhalation of tidal volume is a passive process.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Exhalation of expiratory reserve volume is a passive process.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis

The process by which the liver converts non-carbohydrate sources (such as amino acids and glycerol) into glucose.

EPOC (Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption)

The elevated oxygen consumption that occurs after strenuous exercise.

Myoglobin

An oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells, allowing for oxygen storage and quicker delivery during exercise.

Cori Cycle

A cycle where lactate produced in muscles is transported to the liver, converted to glucose, and then sent back to the muscles for energy.