Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of catabolic pathways?
Which metabolic pathway generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars)?
What is the primary site of glycolysis?
What is the purpose of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?
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Which of the following is an example of an anabolic pathway?
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What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?
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What is the primary site of the citric acid cycle?
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What is the primary function of hormonal regulation in metabolic pathways?
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Why are metabolic pathways important for cellular activities?
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What is the primary function of protein synthesis?
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Study Notes
Metabolic Pathways
Definition
- A series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to convert a molecule into another molecule
- Involves the transformation of energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms
Types of Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolic Pathways: Break down complex molecules into simpler molecules, releasing energy (e.g., glycolysis, citric acid cycle)
- Anabolic Pathways: Build complex molecules from simpler molecules, requiring energy (e.g., gluconeogenesis, protein synthesis)
Key Metabolic Pathways
-
Glycolysis:
- Breaks down glucose into pyruvate
- Produces ATP and NADH
- Occurs in cytosol
-
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle):
- Breaks down acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide
- Produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2
- Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-
Pentose Phosphate Pathway:
- Generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars)
- Important for nucleic acid synthesis and redox reactions
- Occurs in cytosol
-
Fatty Acid Oxidation (β-Oxidation):
- Breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA
- Produces ATP and NADH
- Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-
Gluconeogenesis:
- Synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (e.g., amino acids, lactate)
- Occurs in liver and kidney cells
-
Protein Synthesis:
- Builds polypeptide chains from amino acids
- Occurs in ribosomes
Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
- Feedback Inhibition: End products of pathways inhibit earlier steps to prevent excessive production
- Allosteric Regulation: Enzymes are activated or inhibited by binding of molecules to specific sites
- Hormonal Regulation: Hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon) stimulate or inhibit metabolic pathways
Importance of Metabolic Pathways
- Energy Production: Generate ATP for cellular activities
- Biosynthesis: Provide building blocks for the synthesis of macromolecules (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)
- Homeostasis: Maintain cellular balance and regulate metabolic processes
Metabolic Pathways
Definition
- Metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions within a cell that convert one molecule into another
- These reactions transform energy and nutrients into components of living organisms
Types of Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolic Pathways: Break down complex molecules, releasing energy
- Anabolic Pathways: Build complex molecules, requiring energy
Key Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
- Breaks down glucose into pyruvate
- Produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
- Occurs in cytosol
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
- Breaks down acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide
- Produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
- Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars)
- Important for nucleic acid synthesis and redox reactions
- Occurs in cytosol
Fatty Acid Oxidation (β-Oxidation)
- Breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA
- Produces ATP and NADH
- Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
Gluconeogenesis
- Synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (e.g., amino acids, lactate)
- Occurs in liver and kidney cells
Protein Synthesis
- Builds polypeptide chains from amino acids
- Occurs in ribosomes
Regulation of Metabolic Pathways
- Feedback Inhibition: End products inhibit earlier steps to prevent excessive production
- Allosteric Regulation: Enzymes are activated or inhibited by binding of molecules to specific sites
- Hormonal Regulation: Hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon) stimulate or inhibit metabolic pathways
Importance of Metabolic Pathways
- Energy Production: Generate ATP for cellular activities
- Biosynthesis: Provide building blocks for macromolecule synthesis (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)
- Homeostasis: Maintain cellular balance and regulate metabolic processes
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Description
Learn about the series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell to convert a molecule into another molecule, including catabolic and anabolic pathways.
