30 Questions
What is the primary location where Ketone Bodies are formed?
Liver Mitochondria
What is the role of PKA in the breakdown of triacylglycerols?
Phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipase
What is the primary function of Ketone Bodies?
To provide metabolic energy
What is the result of high rates of fatty acid oxidation in the liver?
Generation of large amounts of acetyl-CoA
What is the enzyme responsible for releasing FA from monoacylglycerols?
Monoacylglycerol lipase
What is the term for the three biosynthetically related products formed during Ketogenesis?
Ketone Bodies
Which molecule can acetoacetate enzymatically convert to through the action of β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase?
β-hydroxybutyrate
What is the metabolic fate of acetoacetate when reacting with succinyl-CoA in mitochondria?
Succinate and acetoacetyl-CoA
What triggers the increased release of ketone bodies from the liver for use as fuel by tissues?
Low level of oxaloacetate
Which tissues consume primarily ketone bodies to preserve glucose for use by the brain in the early stages of starvation?
Heart and skeletal muscle
What major substrates can Acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate serve for in the biosynthesis of neonatal cerebral lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
How are ketone bodies utilized by extrahepatic tissues in the body?
Conversion of acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA
What enzyme is responsible for the reversal of the β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase reaction?
Succinyl-CoA transferase
What is the main reason for the absence of Ketoacyl-CoA-Transferase in the liver?
Ensuring extra-hepatic tissues have access to Ketone Bodies
What is the primary fate of fats when they enter the liver?
Esterified to glycerol in triacylglycerol production
Which hormone phosphorylates ACC, regulating the level of fat oxidation?
Glucagon
What is the fate of Acetyl-CoA in the liver when the demand for ATP is high?
Further oxidation to CO2 in the TCA cycle
How is the level of ketogenesis in the liver primarily controlled?
Phosphorylation of ACC
What is the fate of the small amount of acetone formed by nonenzymatic de-carboxylation of acetoacetate?
Most is exhaled through the lungs
During fasting or carbohydrate starvation, why is oxaloacetate depleted in the liver?
It is used for gluconeogenesis
How is acetyl-CoA prevented from entering the Krebs cycle during fasting or carbohydrate starvation?
Depletion of oxaloacetate
What is the initial product formed in ketogenesis from two acetyl-CoA molecules?
Acetoacetyl-CoA
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of β-hydroxy-βmethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) during ketogenesis?
HMGCoA synthase
Which enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of the ketone bodies acetoacetate and β -hydroxybutyrate?
β-Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase
What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Reduced supply of glucose
What is the effect of acidic ketone bodies on hemoglobin?
Decreases oxygen binding capacity
What is the significance of ketones in urine?
A warning sign of diabetic ketoacidosis
What is the primary source of energy during exercise?
Fatty acid oxidation
What is the characteristic of diabetic ketoacidosis?
A rapid increase in blood glucose levels
What is the primary difference between diabetic ketoacidosis and a healthy state?
Energy production from glucose vs. fatty acids
Test your knowledge on Glycolysis, Fat Oxidation, Ketogenesis, Recap of Beta oxidation, and the overview of General Metabolism Lecture 3. Questions cover topics such as Epinephrine signaling, activation of adenylate cyclase, PKA phosphorylation, and hydrolysis of fatty acids.
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