Metabolic Acidosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes metabolic acidosis in terms of blood pH and bicarbonate levels?

pH level less than 7.0 and HCO3– level less than 24 mEq/L

pH level between 7.35 and 7.45 and HCO3– level between 22-26 mEq/L

pH level greater than 7.35 and HCO3– level greater than 22 mEq/L

pH level less than 7.35 and HCO3– level less than 22 mEq/L (correct)

What compensatory mechanism do the lungs use to respond to metabolic acidosis?

Decreasement in respiratory rate

Prolonged exhalation to lessen oxygen intake

Kussmaul respiration to increase ventilation (correct)

Shallow breathing to retain carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a common cause of lactic acidosis?

Diarrhea

Cardiac arrest (correct)

Prolonged fasting

Diabetic ketoacidosis

In renal tubular acidosis, what is the main issue affecting the kidneys?

Inability to excrete acids due to renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What condition leads to keto-acid accumulation due to the lack of glucose transport into cells?

Diabetic ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ferrous sulfate in the body?

To replace iron in hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to minimize gastrointestinal upset when taking iron supplements?

Take with a small nondairy snack Signup and view all the answers

How long should a patient remain upright after taking oral iron supplements?

30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What should patients be informed about regarding the appearance of their stool while on iron supplements?

It will appear tarry black Signup and view all the answers

Why should iron supplements be stored out of reach of children?

They resemble candy and can lead to toxicity Signup and view all the answers

In what manner should a patient take a liquid form of iron to prevent tooth staining?

Use a straw to drink the solution Signup and view all the answers

What should patients do if they experience stomach upset from iron supplements?

Take the supplement with a small snack Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about iron supplementation is incorrect?

Different brands of iron supplements can be used interchangeably. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is specifically associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in megaloblastic anemia?

Numbness and tingling Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially happen if vitamin B12 deficiency is left untreated?

Irreversible neurological damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended action to help reduce GI distress when taking NSAIDs?

Take them with food Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions can lead to iron deficiency anemia as a consequence of NSAID use?

Gastrointestinal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

When monitoring a patient on NSAIDs, what symptom should prompt immediate reporting to the primary healthcare provider?

Dark, tarry stools Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in patient education regarding NSAID use?

Report any changes in urinary output Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12 and folate Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from chemotherapeutic drugs and corticosteroids?

Bone marrow suppression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for increased clotting?

Cirrhosis of the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is a common assessment finding for decreased clotting?

Petechiae Signup and view all the answers

What should patients at risk for increased clotting be advised to do?

Drink fluids Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological consequence is associated with decreased clotting?

Prolonged internal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is an intervention that may be prescribed to decrease the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation?

Direct thrombin inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which sign should patients with decreased clotting ability report immediately?

Unusual bleeding or bruising Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding venous thrombosis is correct?

It can cause pain, swelling, and warmth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia?

Deficiency of intrinsic factor Signup and view all the answers

What can cause anemia due to chronic RBC loss?

GI bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is classified as a type of megaloblastic anemia?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical treatment regimen for patients with pernicious anemia after correcting the deficiency?

Monthly vitamin B12 injections Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is most likely associated with a client suffering from pernicious anemia?

Fissure in the corner of the mouth Signup and view all the answers

How does sickle cell anemia primarily affect red blood cells?

Results in abnormally shaped RBCs that can block vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is linked to the development of autoimmune disorders such as pernicious anemia?

Advanced age Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of a genetic predisposition in autoimmune disorders?

It may be present in other family members Signup and view all the answers

What leads to respiratory acidosis?

Inability of the lungs to remove CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most commonly associated with respiratory acidosis?

Asthma exacerbation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic laboratory finding in respiratory acidosis?

PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism helps the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?

Increased excretion of metabolic acids Signup and view all the answers

In respiratory alkalosis, what occurs as a result of excessive CO2 removal?

Decreased hydrogen ions and increased pH Signup and view all the answers

What could signify a decreased level of consciousness in respiratory acidosis?

Low arterial blood pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs can contribute to the development of respiratory acidosis?

Anesthetics Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of hypercapnia in respiratory acidosis?

Decreased pH in blood Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolic Acidosis - Signs and Symptoms

Definition: Metabolic acidosis occurs due to increased metabolic acid or decreased base (bicarbonate). Kidneys are unable to excrete enough metabolic acids, which accumulate in the blood, or bicarbonate is removed from the body.
pH Level: Characterized by a pH level less than 7.35.
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Level: Bicarbonate (HCO3-) level less than 22 mEq/L.
Causes: Increased acid production as a metabolic byproduct, or loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions.
Compensation: Lungs increase rate and depth of ventilation (Kussmaul respiration) to remove excess carbon dioxide and lower carbonic acid levels in the blood.
Starvation Ketoacidosis: Occurs due to inadequate caloric intake and prolonged fasting, leading to fat use for energy and keto-acid accumulation in the blood.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, glucose is not transported into cells due to insulin deficiency. Fat is used for energy, and keto-acids accumulate in the blood,
Lactic Acidosis: Occurs from lack of oxygen due to sepsis, cardiac arrest, trauma, or seizures, leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid accumulation.
Renal Tubular Acidosis: Renal failure causes the kidneys to be unable to remove acids through urine acidification.

Hyperchloremic Acidosis

Cause: Gastrointestinal loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-).
Occurs with: Diarrhea and laxative use.

Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Acidosis

Decreased level of consciousness (lethargy, confusion, coma)
Increased respiratory rate and depth (compensatory hyperventilation)
Abdominal pain
Dysrhythmias
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) alterations:
- pH below 7.35
- PaCO2 normal if uncompensated, or below 35 mm Hg (4.7 kPa) if compensated.
- HCO3- level below 21 mEq/L

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Description

Test your understanding of metabolic acidosis with this quiz. It covers key concepts such as blood pH, bicarbonate levels, and compensatory mechanisms in the lungs. Additionally, explore causes of lactic acidosis and issues related to renal tubular acidosis and keto-acid accumulation.