Metabolic Acidosis Quiz

A condition where the blood's pH falls below 7.35 and bicarbonate levels are low, caused by excess acid production or bicarbonate loss.

Metabolic acidosis can be caused by conditions like starvation, diabetes (ketoacidosis), sepsis, or kidney issues.

A type of metabolic acidosis caused by the accumulation of ketone acids in the blood, often due to lack of glucose.

A type of metabolic acidosis caused by the buildup of lactic acid due to lack of oxygen in tissues.

A deep and rapid breathing pattern that is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis by removing excess carbon dioxide.

Reduced CO2 removal by lungs, leading to increased blood CO2, carbonic acid, and lower blood pH.

Headache, lightheadedness, decreased consciousness, and potentially dysrhythmias.

Blood pH below 7.35, PaCO2 above 45 mmHg, and normal or high bicarbonate (HCO3-) depending on compensation stage.

Conditions impacting lung function (e.g., COPD, asthma exacerbations, pulmonary edema, sleep apnea) or affecting breathing (e.g., neuromuscular disorders, meds, head trauma).

Kidneys adjust bicarbonate levels in the blood over time (24-72 hrs or longer) to compensate for the acid build-up.

Loss of excessive acid through body or gain in excessive base.

Lungs remove excessively CO2

Ferrous sulfate replaces iron in hemoglobin, enabling oxygen transport.

Iron absorption is better on an empty stomach, but gastrointestinal upset is common. Taking it with a small, non-dairy snack can help.

Avoid milk or antacids 2 hours before or after iron supplements.

Give oral iron with 4-6 ounces of water (not milk).

Have the patient sit upright for 30 minutes after taking oral iron to prevent esophageal irritation.

Treat iron supplementation like any medication, take it as prescribed. Don't use different brands interchangeably.

Iron supplements can turn stool black and cause stomach upset; take with a small snack if needed, avoiding milk.

Store iron supplements in a childproof bottle out of reach of children. Toxicity is a serious risk, especially for children.

Anemia caused by a lack of iron, which is essential for red blood cell production.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to iron deficiency anemia.

NSAIDs, if used long-term, can cause gastrointestinal problems (GI), bleeding, and acute kidney injury.

Celecoxib, an NSAID, should be taken with food to minimize gastrointestinal distress.

Signs of GI bleeding from NSAIDs include dark, tarry stools, shortness of breath, edema, frequent indigestion, bloody vomit, and changes in urinary output.

Anemia characterized by abnormally large red blood cells due to impaired DNA synthesis, often caused by vitamin deficiencies.

Most commonly caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate. Other causes include certain medications, alcohol, and diseases that affect nutrient absorption.

Fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, glossitis, mouth sores, neurological symptoms (numbness, tingling, memory problems, and depression) if due to vitamin B12 deficiency.

Anemia caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a substance secreted by the stomach.

A protein produced by the stomach that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from food.

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of intrinsic factor, which is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the gut.

A genetic disorder where red blood cells are abnormally shaped like sickles, leading to blockages in blood vessels and painful episodes.

A common symptom of pernicious anemia is pale skin, due to a lack of healthy red blood cells carrying oxygen.

Pernicious anemia is typically treated with vitamin B12 injections initially, followed by monthly injections or oral B12 supplements for maintenance.

Sickle cell anemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents must carry the defective gene for a child to inherit the disease.

Conditions that increase the likelihood of blood clots forming, including immobility, polycythemia (excess red blood cells), smoking, and certain chronic diseases.

A blood clot that forms in a vein, most commonly in the legs, potentially leading to emboli (traveling clots).

A blood clot that forms in an artery, often not visible but causing decreased blood flow to the affected area.

Conditions that reduce the body's ability to form blood clots, including chemotherapy, corticosteroids, liver cirrhosis, and rare genetic diseases.

Prolonged internal or external bleeding due to the body's inability to form clots effectively.

Internal bleeding occurs within the body (e.g., brain, stomach, bladder) and external bleeding is visible.

Medications used to prevent blood clot formation, including direct thrombin inhibitors, which are particularly useful in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Patients taking anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs should be closely monitored for signs of bleeding, such as bruising, blood in urine or stool.