Mesoamerican Cultures Quiz: Tlahuicole and Tlachtli
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Questions and Answers

What was Tlahuicole's notable request to Emperor Moctezuma when offered freedom?

  • To return to his noble family
  • To serve as a diplomat
  • To lead the Aztec armies
  • To die in combat (correct)

Which of the following describes the way the ball was played in tlachtli?

  • Only kicked by feet
  • Using a bat to strike
  • Throwing against a wall
  • Hitting with arms or forearms (correct)

What significant feat did Tlahuicole achieve during his fight against Aztec soldiers?

  • Captured an Aztec general
  • Killed eight Aztec soldiers (correct)
  • Fled successfully to safety
  • Defeated the entire Aztec army

What type of game involves participants climbing a greasy pole to reach a prize?

<p>Greased pole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which battle did Moctezuma appoint Tlahuicole to lead one of the Aztec armies?

<p>Against the Purepecha (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary characteristic of the ball used in the game?

<p>It weighed between 1 and 3.5 kg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily participated as players in the ball game?

<p>Upper class individuals such as nobles and priests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of tlachtli, what was one rule that governed how the game could be played?

<p>Players are not allowed to invade the opponent's field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the two theories regarding the fate of the losing or winning captain?

<p>The losing captain faced beheading due to dishonor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Tlahuicole take that impressed Emperor Moctezuma?

<p>Showing extraordinary bravery in battle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the game of Xocuahpatollin?

<p>To test balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the time span of the Mayan civilization?

<p>From 2000 BC to 1546 AD. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did priests have in Mayan society?

<p>They performed both spiritual and executive functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aspect of the Mayan economy?

<p>Production of corn for self-consumption and trade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the Mayan religious system primarily characterized?

<p>It was polytheistic and naturalistic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice was not common among the Mayans, despite some instances?

<p>Trade with nearby villages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the professional runners in ancient Aztec society?

<p>To serve as messengers for the kings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity was practiced by both sexes among the Aztecs?

<p>Swimming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the game of Patolli, what was used as dice?

<p>Painted seeds with dots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Temazacalli in Aztec culture?

<p>Daily hygiene and ritual purification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant characteristic of the game Cocoyocpatolli?

<p>Players aimed to throw marbles into a hole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did hunting serve in Aztec society?

<p>A means of survival for common people and entertainment for elites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the game Chichinadas primarily involve?

<p>Hitting opponent's marbles with spheres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of Aztec canoes?

<p>They were excellent for paddling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the mit'a system during colonial times in Cerro Rico, Potosí?

<p>To extract gold and silver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant cultural feature of the Inca religion?

<p>Polytheism with an emphasis on natural phenomena (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method of communication among the Inca messengers?

<p>Oral communication at tambos or direct messaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure is referred to as a Kallanka in Inca culture?

<p>A rectangular enclosure for physical activities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the context in which Inca hockey, known as Gayado Q'asuy, was played?

<p>To celebrate the end of communal work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common injury sustained by players during the game of Gayado Q'asuy?

<p>Broken bones from hard impacts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long was the extensive road network created by the Incas?

<p>5,000 km long (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of setting did the Incas create for physical activities during their festivals?

<p>Town squares with large amphitheatres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the ball game played in Copán?

<p>To get the rubber ball through the stone ring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the body were players allowed to use to hit the ball?

<p>Elbows and knees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the courts used in the ball game is true?

<p>Courts varied greatly in shape and were predominantly 'H' shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the scoring vary between large and small courts?

<p>Large courts ended when the ball passed through the ring only once (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one possible consequence of violations during the ball game?

<p>Loss of possession or point for the opposing team (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of player attire was consistent in the ball games of Mayan culture?

<p>Player's clothing was variable and changed by player preference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determined the duration of the game in large courts?

<p>The passage of the ball through the stone ring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the team captain play in the ball games?

<p>They led their team and made strategic decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Tinku festival?

<p>To settle disputes among participants through combat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is held annually to test the skills of young noblemen in the Inca Empire?

<p>Warachikuy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What activity is strictly forbidden during the Tinku festival?

<p>Bringing weapons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Inti Raymi, what is one of the major activities included in the 15-day celebration?

<p>Animal sacrifices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant honor associated with the Tinku festival for Inca soldiers?

<p>Winning a wife among single women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the culminating event in the Warachikuy festival?

<p>A team race to defend a fortress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region was Inti Raymi celebrated?

<p>Cuzco, the capital of the Inca Empire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Chasquis play in Inca society?

<p>Messengers who delivered important messages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mayan Ball Game

A sport played in ancient Mayan culture with a rubber ball, where teams competed by trying to get the ball through a stone ring. The game was played with teams of varying sizes and could last for hours.

Ball Game Courts

The playing field of the Mayan Ball Game. They varied in shape, the most common being an elongated 'H' shape. However, there are as many as 13 different types recorded.

Stone ring

A stone ring placed in the ball game court. The objective of the game was to pass the ball through the ring.

Allowed Techniques

The Mayan Ball Game allowed players to use various parts of their bodies to strike the ball, such as the hips, forearms, elbows, and knees. Using hands and feet was forbidden.

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Winning the Mayan Ball Game

The winners of the Mayan ball game were not definitively established. However, evidence suggests it could have been the team that scored the most points or the last team with possession of the ball. Some scholars believe that the game was more ceremonial than competitive.

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The Rules of Mayan Ball Game

The rules of the Mayan Ball Game varied, but typically involved getting the ball through a stone ring. The game could last for hours in large courts, ending when the ball went through the ring once. Smaller courts used a point system based on the number of times the ball was put through the ring.

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Time Period

The Mayan Ball Game is a pre-Columbian sport prevalent in Mesoamerica during the centuries.

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Depiction in Codex Borbonicus

A depiction of the Mayan Ball Game found in the Codex Borbonicus, a 16th century illustration containing various scenes and symbols.

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Mesoamerican Ball Game

A type of ball game played in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, featuring a heavy, rubber ball and complex rules.

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Mesoamerican Ball Game Ball

A hard, heavy rubber ball used in the Mesoamerican ball game.

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Yoke (Yugo)

A protective garment worn by Mesoamerican ball players, covering the hips and lower body.

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Anthropophagy

Practiced by some Mesoamerican cultures, often as a form of ritual sacrifice.

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Ajaw

A leader in a Mayan city-state.

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Mayan Religion

A complex, polytheistic religious system practiced by the Mayan people, involving multiple deities and natural forces.

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Mayan City-States

A collection of independent Mayan city-states that thrived in the Yucatan Peninsula.

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Yucatan Peninsula

The area where the Mayan civilization thrived, encompassing parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.

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Tlachtli

A ball game played in ancient Aztec culture using a rubber ball, where teams competed through various rituals and scoring methods.

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Tlahuicole of Tlaxcala

A powerful Aztec warrior who was renowned for his courage, strength, and refusal of freedom even when captured by Emperor Moctezuma.

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Gladiatorial Sacrificial Wheel

An Aztec ritual event where a skilled warrior, Tlahuicole, was ritually sacrificed after a gladiatorial battle against powerful Aztec warriors.

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Line Separation

A specific rule in the Aztec ball game Tlachtli where a line divided the playing field, and players were forbidden from crossing into their opponents' territory.

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Game of the 'aspas'

A form of entertainment or game in which participants attempted to maintain their balance while on a revolving pole.

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Hercules Game

One of several acrobatic games played by the Aztecs, where teams of three people would build human towers as high as possible.

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Greased Pole Game

A game played by the Aztecs involving climbing a grease-covered pole to reach a prize at the top, testing the participants' strength and agility.

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Xocuahpatollin: Game of Balancing

An ancient game in which the aim was to balance on a platform or object, testing the skill and balance of the players.

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Patolli

A board game popular among Aztecs, played on a mat with a cross-shaped board and 52 squares. Players used seeds as dice, similar to "the game of the goose." It was enjoyed by all social classes, and betting was common.

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Cocoyocpatolli

A marble game that could also be played with bean seeds. The objective was to land the marble in a hole from a drawn line.

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Chichinadas

A game where each player had six spheres or marbles in a line. The goal was to hit the opponent's marbles. This game could be similar to a modern game like marbles, but with a focus on strategy and skill.

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Temazacalli

Steam baths enjoyed by Aztecs regardless of their social status. It was a daily hygiene ritual and used for purification. Even pregnant women used it before childbirth.

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Takary

An ancient Aztec sport similar to modern hockey. The exact rules and equipment are unknown, but likely involved hitting or pushing an object with a stick on a designated playing field.

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Mita System

A labor system used by the Inca Empire, where citizens were required to work for the state for a certain period of time, often in public projects like road construction or mining.

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Inca Road System

A network of roads built by the Inca Empire, spanning over 5,000 kilometers, used for trade, communication, and military purposes.

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Tambos

Inns established along the Inca road network to provide shelter, food, and rest for travelers and messengers.

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Cyclopean Architecture

A stonework construction technique characterized by massive, interlocking blocks, often used in Inca architecture.

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Stimuli for Physical Activities

Inca religious festivals and military training exercises, which encouraged physical activity among the people.

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Town Squares

Large, open-air spaces used by the Inca for festivals, public performances, and military parades.

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Kallankas

Rectangular enclosures with gabled roofs, built by the Inca for physical activities, offering protection from the elements.

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Gayado Q'asuy (Inca Hockey)

A traditional Inca game played with curved sticks and wooden balls, celebrating the end of the communal work.

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Tinku

A traditional Inca ceremonial fight held annually in Bolivia where participants, fueled by alcohol, settle disputes through punches only. It is overseen by a referee and involves both men and women.

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Inti Raymi

An annual Inca festival celebrating the winter solstice and honoring the sun god Inti. It involves religious ceremonies, dances, and animal sacrifices, lasting for 15 days.

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Huarachico/Warachikuy

An annual Inca festival held for young noblemen who have reached the age of 16, serving as a testing ground for their warrior skills before entry into the army. They undergo rigorous physical trials that include agility, speed, endurance, hand-to-hand combat, and a culminating team race culminating in a fortress siege.

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Chasqui

A messenger for the Inca Empire, they were known for their dedication and speed, using the relay system to deliver messages across vast distances.

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Spilled Blood Offering

An offering of blood to the mother goddess Pachamama, symbolizing respect and gratitude for the bounty of the earth.

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Study Notes

Mesoamerican Ball Game

  • The Mesoamerican ball game was a widespread physical activity throughout Central America.
  • More than 1,500 courts have been found spanning over 2,000 years.
  • The game varied across cultures, but some common characteristics persisted over time.

Common characteristics of the ball game

  • The game was played on specific courts.
  • It was more than a sport – it had sacred and ritualistic aspects.
  • A solid rubber ball was used.
  • It was always played in teams (variants: 1vs1, 2vs2, 4vs4, 8vs8).
  • There was a scoring area (stone rings).
  • Varying size and shape of the courts.
  • Varying duration of play.
  • The ball could be hit using any part of the body except the hands and feet.
  • There were variations in rules, such as the use of rings or different scoring methods.
  • Methods of hitting the ball changed between cultures.
  • Forms of hitting the ball always excluded the use of the hands.
  • Variable player attire.
  • Sometimes there were rituals involving human decapitation related to the games (winners or losers).

Ball Game players

  • The ball was solid, heavy (between 1-3.5 kg), and large (12-20 cm).
  • The ball was the first bouncing ball known in history.
  • Due to the ball's hardness, players wore protective gear: yokes, hip guards, arm guards, knee pads, sandals, and skirts (sometimes with feathers).

Human sacrifices

  • It is uncertain whether winning or losing team captains were sacrificed.
  • Two theories:
    • Losing team captain's sacrifice signified a great dishonor.
    • Winning team captain's sacrifice was an offering to the gods.

Mayan Culture

  • It was the longest-lived civilisation in the Americas (2000 BC – 1546 AD).
  • It was located in the Yucatan Peninsula, encompassing parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.
  • It wasn't a centralized state but rather a collection of independent city-states frequently at war with each other.
  • Society was organised with a strong social-political hierarchy.
  • The Ajaw was the supreme leader of the territory.
  • Nobles governed the cities.
  • Priests held spiritual and executive roles.
  • Merchants and craftsman were in other social roles.
  • Their economy was based on corn cultivation and trading of goods.
  • They used a complex and precise calendar system.
  • Its architecture is noted for its monumental temples
  • They practiced polytheistic religions, including human sacrifice.

Aztec Empire

  • The Aztecs originated from nomadic tribes.
  • They founded Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City) in 1325.
  • As an empire, they ruled until the Spanish conquest in 1521.
  • Aztec society was class-structured with strong political and economic specialization.
  • Their religion was polytheistic, with human sacrifice being a significant aspect.
  • Their economy was based on agriculture (corn, cultivated chinampas) alongside sciences like astronomy and a calendar system.

Aztec Physical Education

  • Young men underwent rigorous physical and psychological training in the Aztec empire.
  • Their training aimed to instill dedication to the territory defense.
  • Families were responsible for the education of children up to the age of 7.
  • Specialised schools (Telpochcalli and Calmecac) provided further training after that age.
  • Aztec education focused on music, medicine, military skills, physical fitness, pain resistance, and cold bath tolerance.

Incas

  • The Inca empire was the most advanced civilization in South America.
  • Their empire stretched through the Andean mountains, encompassing territories from Colombia to Chile, including Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina.
  • The capital of the Inca Empire was Cuzco.
  • Their rule lasted from 1438 to 1533 AD until the Spanish conquest.
  • The Inca were a centralized society centered around their supreme ruler known as the Inca.
  • The Inca controlled all aspects of administration, economics, and military decisions.
  • The Inca society was organized in a hierarchy and their religion was polytheistic.
  • The Inca expanded their empire by 5,000km of road systems.
  • They were supported by a network of inn (tambos)
  • The architecture was notable, showing great skill in construction.
  • They practiced the system called mit'a which obliged certain segments of the population to contribute to public projects like farming, constructions, and military service, among others.

Sports Activities of the Incas

  • Various sports were part of celebrations and military training, including races, hunting, swimming, rowing, and different forms of ball games (like Gayado Q'asuy).

Other activities

  • Temazcalli (steam baths - ritual purification).
  • Takary (a sport similar to hockey, using stones as balls).

Inca Games

  • Gayado Q'asuy: an Inca hockey game played during the beginning of the year among neighbours, both men and women.
  • Tinku: a ceremonial ritual held annually in present-day Bolivia involving fights among players (punches only, with an official referee), and included events between women.
  • Inti Raymi: a 15-day festival celebrating the sun in Cuzco. It was performed by numerous delegations from all around the empire, in which dances, religious ceremonies, and animal sacrifices were part of the celebrations.
  • Warachikuy or Huarachicho: a series of tests for young noblemen to demonstrate skills as warriors enabling them to enter the army

Gambling games

  • Patolli: favourite board game, played on a cross-shaped mat.
  • Cocoyocpatolli: marble game.
  • Chichinadas: a marble game.

Chasquis

  • Inca royal messengers.

Other important notes

  • The contents of workshop 4 are part of the exam.

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Description

Dive into the fascinating world of Mesoamerican cultures with this quiz focusing on Tlahuicole, the game of tlachtli, and the Mayan civilization. Test your knowledge about significant events, rules, and cultural practices surrounding these historical figures and games. Perfect for history enthusiasts and students alike!

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