Mental Representation and Knowledge Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of internal representations?

  • They can be directly interacted with.
  • They resemble the physical objects they represent.
  • They are influenced by external stimuli.
  • They exist inside the mind. (correct)

    • Which statement accurately describes external representations?

  • They serve as mental images and are entirely subjective.
  • They can be interacted with directly. (correct)
  • They are only used in physical activities.
  • They are arbitrary and do not require interpretation.

    • What type of representation does the example 'D O G' illustrate?

  • External representation
  • Internal representation
  • Concrete representation
  • Abstract representation (correct)

    • In what way is imagery different from other forms of mental representation?

    <p>Imagery is the mental representation of things currently sensed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the arbitrary characteristic of symbolic representation imply?

    <p>It is based on personal choice or random decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cognitive psychologists mainly approach mental representations?

    <p>By examining internal mental constructs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of symbols in external representation?

    <p>They have direct physical contact with the object they represent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect differentiates internal representations from external representations?

    <p>Internal representations facilitate manipulation of information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by symbolic representation in cognitive processes?

    <p>Use of abstract symbols to represent concepts or objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes dual-code theory?

    <p>Using pictorial and verbal codes for representing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of mental imagery has been predominantly studied in cognitive psychology?

    <p>Visual imagery related to objects and settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does spatial cognition relate to mental images?

    <p>It refers to the mental processes concerning the representation of space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mental images that are generated from experiences?

    <p>They can represent things never experienced or that do not exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of mental manipulation?

    <p>Mentally rethinking or rearranging images in your mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do visual images play in problem-solving according to cognitive theory?

    <p>They help in solving problems and answering questions related to objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of mental imagery in cognitive tasks?

    <p>To perform various cognitive tasks such as reasoning and problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'Declarative knowledge'?

    <p>Knowledge that includes facts which can be stated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Procedural knowledge' refer to?

    <p>Knowledge of procedures that can be implemented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the concept of Knowledge Representation?

    <p>The structure and organization of knowledge in the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mental representations?

    <p>They can take various forms, including concepts and rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Dual-code Theory emphasize?

    <p>The use of both analog and symbolic codes for knowledge representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of mental imagery?

    <p>Visualizing a sunset while thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can spatial cognition involve?

    <p>Understanding and navigating through physical spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of knowledge involves 'knowing how'?

    <p>Procedural knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the representativeness heuristic primarily rely on?

    <p>How similar an event is to a stereotype or representative sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic?

    <p>People make judgments based on reference points and then adjust their estimates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does framing have on decision making?

    <p>It influences the way options are perceived and chosen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the availability heuristic?

    <p>Judging the probability of an event based on how easily examples come to mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people tend to accept randomness in sequences that appear less random?

    <p>Due to a reliance on familiar patterns rather than random assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to happen when options involve potential gains according to the framing effects?

    <p>There is a tendency for risk aversion to influence decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might the anchoring and adjustment heuristic be misapplied?

    <p>When people overly rely on irrelevant information during the judgment process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people generally judge the likelihood of a sequence being random?

    <p>By comparing it to expected patterns or representative elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common reason people tend to be overconfident in their judgments?

    <p>They often rely on unreliable sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes illusory correlation?

    <p>Seeing events or attributes wrongly associated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hindsight bias reflect in decision-making?

    <p>A belief that one could have predicted an outcome after it has happened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of overconfidence in decision-making?

    <p>It can cause poor decisions based on insufficient information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might individuals rely on personal prejudices when forming judgments?

    <p>They utilize the representativeness heuristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary challenge associated with making decisions based on inadequate information?

    <p>It can create an illusion of certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding biases in decision-making?

    <p>They often contribute to making incorrect assumptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of relying on stereotypes in decision-making?

    <p>Formation of generalized and potentially inaccurate beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mental Representation

    • Mental representation is the way information, knowledge, and experiences are organized in the mind.
    • It refers to the form of what we know in our mind about things, ideas, events, and so on, in the outside world.

    Knowledge Representation

    • Knowledge Representation refers to how knowledge is structured, organized, and stored in the mind.
    • It involves how information about the world such as facts, concepts, rules, and procedures are represented in our minds.

    Mental Representation of Knowledge

    • Two types of knowledge structures are declarative and procedural.
    • Declarative knowledge is "knowing that" and refers to facts that can be stated such as the date of your birth, the name of your best friend, or the way a rabbit looks.
    • Procedural knowledge is "knowing how" and refers to the knowledge of procedures that can be implemented, such as the steps involved in tying your shoelaces, adding a column of numbers, or driving a car.

    Communicating Knowledge

    • Knowledge can be represented in different ways in the mind: it can be stored as a mental picture or in words.
    • Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in our internal, mental representation of what we know.
    • External representation refers to physical symbols or objects in the environment that represent information and can be interacted with directly.

    Internal vs. External Representation

    • Internal representation exists inside the mind (in cognitive representation), while external representation exists outside the mind (in the physical environment).
    • Internal representation is abstract (thoughts, images, concepts, schemas), while external representation is concrete (symbols, diagrams, text, objects).
    • Internal Representation is mentally manipulated through cognition, while external representation can be physically manipulated or viewed.

    Symbolic Representation

    • Symbolic representation refers to the use of symbols (abstract, discrete units of information) to represent objects, concepts, or processes.
    • Symbols stand for something other than themselves and can be manipulated mentally for tasks like reasoning, problem-solving, and communication.

    Dual-Code Theory: Analog and Symbolic Codes

    • According to dual-code theory, we use both pictorial and verbal codes to represent information in our minds.
    • The two codes organize information into knowledge that can be acted on, stored, and retrieved for future use.

    Picture in Your Mind: Mental Imagery

    • Imagery is the mental representation of things that are currently seen or sensed by the sense organs.
    • Mental images can represent objects, events, and settings, including those never experienced.
    • Mental images can even represent things that do not exist outside the mind of the person creating the image.
    • Most research on imagery in cognitive psychology has focused on visual imagery.
    • We use visual images to solve problems and to answer questions involving objects.

    Spatial Cognition and Cognitive Maps

    • Spatial cognition refers to the mental processes and mental representations of space, rather than the physical environment.
    • Cognitive maps are internal representations of our physical environment, including the layout of rooms, buildings, and landscapes.
    • Cognitive maps are not always accurate, but can be helpful for navigating and understanding our surroundings.

    Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making

    • Representativeness heuristic: We judge the probability of an uncertain event by how similar it is to the population from which it is derived and how it reflects the salient features of the process by which it is generated.
    • Availability heuristic: We make judgments on the basis of how easily we can call to mind what we know.
    • Anchoring and adjustment heuristic: People adjust their evaluations of things by means of reference points called end-anchors.

    Framing Effects

    • Framing effects occur when the way options are presented influences the selection of an option.
    • People tend to choose options that demonstrate risk aversion when faced with options involving potential gains.

    Overconfidence

    • People often overestimate the accuracy of their judgments.
    • Reasons for overconfidence include not realizing how little we know and not realizing that our information comes from unreliable sources.

    Illusory Correlation

    • People are predisposed to see particular events or attributes and categories as going together, even when they do not.
    • People may see spurious cause-effect relationships and use stereotypes in forming illusory correlations.

    Hindsight Bias

    • When we look at a situation retrospectively, we believe we easily can see all the signs and events leading up to a particular outcome.
    • Hindsight bias can make it difficult to learn from our mistakes and make accurate predictions.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of mental representation and knowledge representation with this quiz. Explore the structures of declarative and procedural knowledge while evaluating how we organize information in our minds.

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