Lecture 4
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of a Local Wellness Advisor?

  • To provide mental health resources and referrals (correct)
  • To diagnose mental illnesses in clients
  • To enforce mental health policies on campus
  • To conduct psychological assessments

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mental health and mental illness continuum?

  • Difficulty coping
  • Stable emotional functioning (correct)
  • Unusual shifts in mood
  • Disinterest in social interactions

    • Which organization publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?

  • Canadian Mental Health Association
  • American Psychiatric Association (correct)
  • American Psychological Association
  • World Health Organization

    • Which of the following describes a key aspect of well-being as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada?

    <p>A positive sense of emotional and spiritual wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common red flags indicating someone may be in crisis?

    <p>Disorganized appearance and angry outbursts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of bipolar disorder?

    <p>It results in unusual shifts in mood and activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the purpose of early intervention in mental health?

    <p>It aims to prevent the escalation of mental health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily indicated by recurrent thoughts of suicidal behaviors in an individual?

    <p>Possible borderline personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of borderline personality disorder?

    <p>Impulsive and dangerous behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals with borderline personality disorder typically view their relationships?

    <p>With alternating extremes of idealization and devaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotional state is NOT typically associated with borderline personality disorder?

    <p>Chronic happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an anxiety disorder from normal temporary anxiety?

    <p>Anxiety persistently worsens over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior can indicate borderline personality disorder but may also be a sign of a mood disorder when occurring during elevated moods?

    <p>Spending sprees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates a struggle with trusting others in borderline personality disorder?

    <p>Irrational fear of other people’s intentions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of disorganized thinking in schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

    <p>Obliquely related or completely unrelated responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of delusion involves the belief that one has exceptional abilities or fame?

    <p>Grandiose delusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auditory hallucinations are most commonly experienced as what?

    <p>Voices perceived as distinct from one's thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

    <p>Distorted perception of reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of the communication style of individuals with autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Talking at length about interests without noticing others' reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hallucinations is accurate?

    <p>They can be vivid and clear, akin to normal perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom reflects difficulty in understanding others' perspectives in autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Inability to predict others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are persecutory delusions commonly characterized by?

    <p>Convictions about being harmed or harassed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eating disorder is characterized by a refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight?

    <p>Anorexia Nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of trauma that may affect eating behaviors?

    <p>Intrusive thoughts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a common misconception that may prevent someone from intervening when a peer shows signs of an eating disorder?

    <p>I should wait for them to bring it up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential outcome of nutrition interventions in mental health?

    <p>Better self-management of health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of creating a safe space during an intervention?

    <p>To validate their need for support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eating disorder is characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors?

    <p>Bulimia Nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important verbal behavior when actively listening during an intervention?

    <p>Using open questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can food become for individuals with trauma, potentially leading to disordered eating patterns?

    <p>A form of self-medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT considered a way to take care of your mental health as a helper?

    <p>Neglecting personal needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mindfulness specifically involve?

    <p>Being aware in a purposeful and non-judgmental way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of social support?

    <p>Isolation from friends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is mentioned as a resource for achieving mindfulness?

    <p>Calm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of support is considered more important than factors like smoking or exercise?

    <p>Social support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service provides 24/7 immediate mental health support?

    <p>Keep Me Safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of self-care?

    <p>Prioritizing individual mental and emotional well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should someone approach asking for support from their social network?

    <p>Request support in a direct and clear manner when needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mental Health & Mental Illness Continuum

    • The range of mental wellness is a spectrum and not a dichotomy.
    • The diagnosis of mental illness is guided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar disorder is characterized by unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out daily tasks.
    • There are three types of bipolar disorder, all involving changes in mood, energy, and activity levels.

    Suicidal Ideation

    • Suicidal ideation refers to thinking about, considering, or planning suicide.

    Personality Disorders

    • Personality disorders are enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate from cultural expectations.
    • These patterns tend to be fixed and consistent across situations, leading to distress or impairment.

    Borderline Personality Disorder

    • Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is marked by an ongoing pattern of varying moods, self-image, and behavior.
    • BPD symptoms often result in impulsive actions and problems in relationships.
    • People with BPD experience intense episodes of anger, depression, and anxiety.
    • They tend to view things in extremes, which leads to intense and unstable relationships.

    Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder

    • Intense and unstable relationships swinging between closeness and love (idealization) to dislike or anger (devaluation).
    • Distorted and unstable self-image or sense of self.
    • Impulsive and often dangerous behaviors like spending sprees, unsafe sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating.
    • Self-harming behavior like cutting.
    • Recurring suicidal thoughts or threats.
    • Intense and highly changeable moods lasting from a few hours to days.
    • Chronic feelings of emptiness.
    • Inappropriate, intense anger or problems controlling anger.
    • Difficulty trusting, accompanied by irrational fear of other people's intentions.
    • Feelings of dissociation, such as feeling cut off from oneself, seeing oneself from outside one’s body, or feelings of unreality.

    Anxiety Disorders

    • Anxiety disorders involve more than temporary worry or fear.
    • The anxiety does not go away and can worsen over time.

    Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders

    • Making little or inconsistent eye contact.
    • Having difficulties with the back and forth of conversation.
    • Talking at length about a favorite subject without noticing that others are not interested or without giving others a chance to respond.
    • Having facial expressions, movements, and gestures that do not match what is being said.
    • Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound sing-song or flat and robot-like.
    • Having trouble understanding another person’s point of view or being unable to predict or understand other people’s actions.
    • Difficulty with multi-commands.

    Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

    • These are defined by abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.

    Delusions

    • Delusions are fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change despite contradicting evidence.
    • They may include themes of persecution, reference, somatic experiences, religion, or grandeur.
    • Persecutory delusions are the most common, involving the belief that one will be harmed, harassed, etc.
    • Referential delusions involve the belief that gestures, comments, and environmental cues are directed at oneself.
    • Grandiose delusions involve the belief that one has exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame.

    Hallucinations

    • Hallucinations are perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus.
    • They are vivid and clear, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions, and not under voluntary control.
    • They can occur in any sensory modality, but auditory hallucinations are the most common in schizophrenia and related disorders.

    Disorganized Thinking (Formal Thought Disorder)

    • Disorganized thinking is inferred from an individual's speech.
    • The individual may switch from one topic to another (derailment or loose associations).

    Eating Disorders

    • Anorexia Nervosa
    • Bulimia Nervosa
    • Binge Eating Disorder
    • Orthorexia
    • Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED)
    • Avoidant Restrictive Intake Disorder (ARFID)
    • Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder (UFED)
    • Rumination Disorder

    Trauma and Nutrition

    • Trauma is distinct from PTSD, representing a lived experience rather than a clinical disorder.
    • A third of people with trauma will develop PTSD.
    • Trauma and PTSD can lead to an unhealthy relationship with food, compromised nutritional status, and various forms of disordered eating.
    • Food addiction, or Binge Eating Disorder, can be associated with trauma.

    Nutrition and Mental Health

    • Nutrition interventions can reduce nutrition-related side effects of psychiatric medications.
    • Improve self-management of health conditions.
    • Enhance mental and physical health.
    • Enhance social inclusion.
    • Increase self-reliance.
    • Increase food security.
    • Lead to a healthier body image.

    Barriers to Intervention

    • "If I ask it may make it worse."
    • "I will wait for them to bring it up."
    • "I will say the wrong thing."

    Intervention

    • Provide a safe space.
    • Initiate contact.
    • Actively listen.
    • Understand roles and collaboration.

    The Value of a Safe Space

    • Hold space for the person in distress.
    • Validate their need for support.
    • Show warmth while respecting boundaries.
    • Be there to support, not save.

    Initiating Contact

    • Identify behavior objectively by saying, "I am concerned about changes I’ve seen in you…”
    • Or, "This behavior seems really different for you…”
    • Or, “Can we talk about what it going on…”

    Actively Listening

    • Engage in verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
    • Ask open questions.
    • Normalize and validate.

    Understanding Roles & Maximizing Collaboration

    • Collaborate to enhance the well-being of clients.

    Boundaries

    • Joy comes first: "We do not rise by lifting others."
    • Focus on how we are, not what we do.

    Order and Liability

    • Adhere to organizational expectations.
    • Understand the systems perspective.
    • Follow your own compass.

    Self-Care

    • Self-care
    • Mindfulness
    • Compassion
    • Support

    Self-Care

    • Self-care is essential for maintaining positive mental health as a helper.

    Mindfulness

    • Being aware in a purposeful, present moment, non-judgmental way is crucial for well-being.
    • Mindfulness tools: Calm, Headspace, Down Dog, RespiRelax.

    Compassion

    • Compassion is essential for helping and taking care of others.

    Support

    • Friends and Family support helps with mental and physical well-being.
    • Professionals also offer support and resources.
    • Social support increases health, decreases depression, leads to a longer lifespan, and increases immune function.

    Resources

    • Montreal Suicide Prevention Center (CPSM): https://cpsmontreal.ca 1-866-277-3553 or SMS 535353
    • West-Island Crisis Center: 514-684-6160
    • Ami-Quebec: 514-636-6885
    • 811– info santé

    Off-campus Virtual Services

    • Mental Health Support: Keep Me Safe (24/7)- 1-844-451-9700 or Telus Health Student Support app.

    Student Wellness Hub

    • Book with an Access Advisor online.
    • Book with a counselor by calling 514-398-6017.
    • Phone lines open Monday-Friday (8:30-3:30).
    • Visit Centennial Center Student Services to book an appointment with the Macdonald Campus counselor.

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