Autism Spectrum Disorder Co-occurring Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention (EIBI)?

Children's cognitive skills

Children's motor skills

Children's overt behavior (correct)

Children's familial relationships

Which of the following methods is NOT commonly used by behavior therapists in EIBI?

Modeling

Therapeutic storytelling (correct)

Positive reinforcement

Prompting

What is a primary characteristic of discrete trial training in EIBI?

Simplifying the learning experience (correct)

Focusing on spontaneous behavior

Teaching multiple skills simultaneously

Incorporating peer interactions

What is a common reinforcer used in discrete trial training?

Touching or hugging Signup and view all the answers

How long does the UCLA Young Autism Project typically provide intensive behavioral training for children?

3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is one limitation of discrete trial training?

Skills do not generalize to new contexts Signup and view all the answers

Which area of improvement is NOT mentioned as a result of children receiving EIBI?

Artistic abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which teaching method primarily helps to structure the child's environment for learning in EIBI?

Discrete trial training Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children with ASD are likely to experience ADHD as a co-occurring disorder?

40% to 50% Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by both repetitive thoughts and actions and can co-occur with ASD?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of gastrointestinal problems among children with ASD?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding sleep difficulties in youths with ASD?

They are more common in youths with ASD compared to youths without ASD. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network?

It reviews records in select pediatric health clinics and hospitals. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children with ASD are at risk of experiencing seizures if they also have an intellectual disability?

21.5% Signup and view all the answers

According to the National Health Interview Survey, what is the ratio of children diagnosed with ASD?

1 in 48 Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is most frequently confused with ASD due to overlapping symptoms?

Social Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of pretend play in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

It tends to be repetitive and lacks elaborative themes. Signup and view all the answers

At what age can lack of pretend play be considered an early sign of ASD?

24 months Signup and view all the answers

What role does theoretical understanding of other people's mental states play in empathetic behavior?

It is essential for interpreting social situations accurately. Signup and view all the answers

Between what ages does theory of mind typically emerge in children?

3 to 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the false belief task in relation to theory of mind?

To evaluate understanding of others' mental states. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early sign of ASD typically observed between 6 and 12 months?

Delays in social skills and communication. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of 'mind blindness' as it relates to children with ASD?

Inability to appreciate other people's mental states. Signup and view all the answers

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend regarding ASD screening?

Screen all infants at 18 to 24 months. Signup and view all the answers

What brain region shows strong activation in healthy adults when viewing faces displaying emotions?

Right fusiform gyrus Signup and view all the answers

What area do individuals with ASD primarily use for processing facial information?

Inferior temporal gyri Signup and view all the answers

What does the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) primarily combine?

Naturalistic treatment and applied behavior analysis Signup and view all the answers

What factor can contribute to the underactivity of the right fusiform gyrus in people with ASD?

Lack of attention, motivation, or interest in faces Signup and view all the answers

In which aspect does ESDM view autism?

A developmental disorder that affects functioning Signup and view all the answers

How does the prefrontal cortex function in relation to cognitive activities?

It directs and organizes higher order cognitive activities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'zone of proximal development' in ESDM?

To select skills just beyond the child's current level Signup and view all the answers

What executive functioning deficits are commonly observed in children with ASD?

Difficulty in processing social information flexibly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the cognitive style of children with ASD?

They have rigid cognitive styles leading to a desire for sameness. Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is NOT a focus area in the ESDM curriculum?

Mathematical reasoning Signup and view all the answers

During ESDM sessions, what kind of activities are typically utilized?

Structured social activities and play Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a lack of attention to social cues have on children with ASD?

They struggle to correctly perceive and respond to social situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive processing is often intact in children with ASD?

Short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of children with autism does ESDM aim to improve?

Cognitive and social skills Signup and view all the answers

When do most children typically begin to show pretend play?

18 to 24 months Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of ESDM in addressing skills in children with autism?

To prevent long-term social and behavioral problems Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Common Co-occurring Disorders

ADHD occurs in 40% to 50% of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
Anxiety disorders are present in 30% to 40% of children with ASD.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is present in 15% to 20% of children with ASD.
It can be difficult to differentiate ASD from other disorders because they have similar symptoms.
Children with ASD may experience distress in social situations but do not usually show anticipatory anxiety, unlike children with social anxiety disorder.

Other Co-occurring Disorders

Around 70% of children with ASD experience gastrointestinal problems.
Sleep difficulties are more common in children with ASD (44% to 86%) than in children without ASD (20% to 30%).
Epilepsy is a common medical problem associated with ASD, affecting 21.5% of children with ASD and intellectual disability and 8% of children with ASD alone.

Prevalence of Autism

The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network gathers data on ASD prevalence in the United States by reviewing records in various settings.
The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) randomly samples 12,000 parents across the United States and asks them if their child has been diagnosed with ASD.
The NHIS found that 20.8 per 1,000 children (approximately 1 in 48) have been diagnosed with ASD.

Brain Region Differences

The right fusiform gyrus, a brain region involved in processing facial expressions, shows less activation in children with ASD.
People with ASD use the inferior temporal gyri, typically used for object processing, to process facial information.
Underactivity in the right fusiform gyrus might contribute to social deficits in individuals with ASD.

Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Functioning

The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in executive functioning, including attention regulation, information extraction, organization, and problem-solving.
Children with ASD may show deficits in executive functioning, leading to difficulties paying attention to important environmental aspects and organizing information effectively.

Repetitive Behaviors and Theory of Mind

Rigid cognitive styles might explain the preference for sameness and repetitive behaviors in individuals with ASD.
Children with ASD often show deficits in pretend play, which is a precursor to language acquisition.
Theory of mind, the understanding that others have mental states that influence their behavior, is a key social cognitive skill that is often impaired in individuals with ASD.
The false belief task is used to assess theory of mind.
Children with ASD often display "mind blindness" and struggle to understand that others have mental states different from their own.

Early Signs and Identification

Early signs of ASD can be subtle and may appear between 6 and 12 months of age.
Parents may initially notice language delays between 12 and 18 months and a lack of pretend play.
Repetitive behaviors and a preference for objects over interactions with people can also be early indicators.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine screening for ASD between 18 and 24 months.

Early Intervention and EIBI

Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) is a behavioral treatment that uses principles of applied behavior analysis, specifically operant conditioning and observational learning.
EIBI aims to teach children skills in a one-on-one setting and focuses on observable behaviors.
Discrete trial training (DTT) is a method used in EIBI to simplify the learning experience and increase the probability of skill acquisition.
The UCLA Young Autism Project provides intensive behavioral training for children under 4 years of age with ASD.

Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT)

PRT targets pivotal behaviors that contribute to a range of skills, rather than specific skills.
PRT uses naturalistic, motivational, and child-directed teaching styles.

The Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)

ESDM combines naturalistic approaches with applied behavior analysis.
It focuses on developing skills that are essential for social communication and play.
Sessions are structured around engaging social activities that encourage joint attention and shared positive emotions.
ESDM aims to improve cognitive and social skills in young children with ASD.

Other Treatments

Medication can be used to manage symptoms like anxiety, agitation, and sleep difficulties.
Early intervention is key, and treatment should be tailored to each individual.

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Description

This quiz explores the various co-occurring disorders associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), including ADHD, anxiety disorders, OCD, and more. It also highlights the prevalence of these conditions and their impact on children with ASD. Test your understanding of these important aspects of autism and its related challenges.