Questions and Answers
What is the mission of PSI?
To promote awareness, prevention and treatment of maternal mental health issues related to childbearing in every community worldwide.
When was PSI founded and by whom?
1987 by Jane Honikman
Who is considered the Father of Medicine?
Hippocrates
Who wrote the first treatise on puerperal mental illness in 1858?
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What were some early classifications of PMADs?
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What is the Marce' Society?
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Who is James A. Hamilton, MD, PhD?
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What year did the DSM include specifiers?
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What does PSI state about social support?
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How many countries does PSI have members in?
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What are PSI's objectives?
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What are the needs of childbearing women according to PSI?
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Why are PMADs important?
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What percentage of women experience postpartum depression (PPD)?
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What percentage of women experience depression/anxiety during pregnancy?
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What is the perinatal period?
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What mood disorders are included in PMAD?
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What are the symptoms of baby blues?
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What are the key factors in determining between baby blues or depression?
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What are some common social barriers to treatment?
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What percentage of women diagnosed with bipolar disorder present initially as depressed?
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Study Notes
Mission of PSI
- A global network aiming to raise awareness of mental health issues related to childbearing.
Founding of PSI
- Founded in 1987 by Jane Honikman.
Historical Contributors
- Hippocrates, known as the Father of Medicine, practiced in 460 BC.
- Louis Victor Marce', a French psychiatrist who wrote the first treatise on puerperal mental illness in 1858.
Early Classifications of PMADs
- Included postpartum fever, agitation, paralysis, and sensory deficits.
Marce' Society
- An organization focusing on research related to perinatal mental health.
James A. Hamilton, MD, PhD
- Father of postpartum psychiatric illness in the 20th century; authored the landmark book on postpartum psychiatric problems and founded the Marce' Society in 1980.
DSM Developments
- The DSM included specifiers relevant to PMADs in 1994.
James Hamilton's Contribution
- Noted the significance of support groups in postpartum illness treatment at the 2nd annual PSI Conference in 1988.
Founders of PSI
- Formed by leaders from various social support groups:
- Association for Post Natal Illness (APNI), England.
- Depression After Delivery (DAD), USA.
- Pacific Post Partum Support Society, Canada.
- Post and Ante Natal Depression Association (PANDA), Australia.
- Postpartum Education for Parents (PEP), USA.
PSI Statement on Social Support
- Emphasizes the essential role of social support for the mental health of women and families during pregnancy and postpartum.
PSI Membership
- Over 40 countries include members within the organization.
PSI Overview
- Represents support groups vital for maternal mental illness treatment and prevention, connecting professionals and consumers.
PSI's Mission
- Promotes awareness, prevention, and treatment of maternal mental health issues globally.
PSI's Objectives
- Advancing perinatal mental health awareness, supporting families, fostering collaboration, advocating for public policy, and providing education and training.
PSI Components
- Operates a global support network, a toll-free helpline, online support groups, and expert chats for guidance.
Needs of Childbearing Women According to PSI
- Requires a companion or advocate, knowledgeable professionals, and a space for open discussion about pregnancy and postpartum experiences.
Importance of PMADs
- Associated with serious social repercussions including relationship issues, developmental delays, and risk of suicide.
Prevalence Data
- Up to 21% of women experience postpartum depression (PPD).
- 20% of women experience depression or anxiety during pregnancy.
Perinatal Period Defined
- Encompasses pregnancy through the first year post-birth.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders in PMAD
- Includes depression, bipolar disorder, and various anxiety disorders like GAD, panic, OCD, and PTSD.
Common Changes and Challenges Postpartum
- Psychological impacts include attachment to the baby, fatigue, role transitions, insecurities about parenting, and physical healing.
Barriers to Treatment
- Practical barriers such as treatment costs, time limitations, childcare issues, and provider ignorance exist, in addition to psychological barriers including denial and fear, and social stigma.
Racism and Health Disparities
- Factors include limited economic opportunities, social resources, and increased exposure to harmful environments.
Theories of Etiology
- Include biological sensitivities, psychological perspectives, social/environmental influences, and spiritual beliefs.
PMAD Diagnoses
- Encompasses depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, bipolar disorder, and psychosis.
Wisner et al. Study Findings
- 21% had PPD, with onset prior to, during, or after pregnancy observed in 26.5%, 33.4%, and 40.1% respectively.
Breakdown of Symptoms in Wisner et al. Study
- 68.5% of cases had unipolar depression; high comorbidity with anxiety disorders, particularly GAD.
Anxiety Prevalence
- Prenatal anxiety affects 15.8% of women; postpartum prevalence ranges from 8% to 20%.
Treatment Disruption Risks
- 50%-75% relapse rates among those who discontinue medication during pregnancy.
Baby Blues Statistics
- Affect 60% to 80% of new moms, characterized by mild symptoms lasting from a few days up to two weeks.
Differentiating Between Baby Blues and Depression
- Factors include severity, timing, and duration of symptoms.
Symptoms of PPD
- Include persistent sadness, suicidal thoughts, changes in appetite/sleep, irritability, and inability to care for oneself or the baby.
Symptoms of PPA (Postpartum Anxiety)
- Characterized by excessive worry, agitation, sleep disturbances, and concerns about health.
Panic Attack Symptoms
- Involve extreme anxiety, shortness of breath, chest pain, and feelings of losing control.
OCD Symptoms and Prevalence
- Includes compulsive behaviors such as checking and cleaning; 11% of postpartum women screen positive.
PTSD Prevalence
- Affects 12.3% of women in the general population, with greater rates observed in pregnant and postpartum women.
Symptoms of PTSD
- Re-experiencing traumatic events, avoidance behavior, and persistent negative moods.
Birth Trauma and Its Impact
- Defined as a serious event during labor leading to intense fear, helplessness, and horror.
Postpartum PTSD Themes
- Contributors include feelings of abandonment, lack of support, and severe powerlessness.
Risks Associated with Traumatic Birth
- Include impaired mother-infant bonding, avoidance of aftercare, and potential PTSD in partners.
Bipolar Disorder in Perinatal Context
- High rates of misdiagnosis; significant risks for relapse and psychological issues noted.
Treatment Considerations for Bipolar I
- Stopping mood stabilizers substantially increases the risk of reoccurrence during pregnancy.
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder
- Includes episodes of mania, hypomania, and features impairing function alongside emotional swings.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the history and key concepts related to mental health during childbearing. This quiz covers important figures, organizations, and their contributions to the field. Enhance your understanding and awareness of vital mental health issues.
