40 Questions
What is the characteristic of cervical mucus in the late follicular phase?
Clear, copious, and elastic
What is the effect of estrogen produced by the growing follicles on the endometrial epithelium during menstruation?
Stimulates the regeneration of the surface endometrial epithelium
What is the primary cause of tissue ischemia in the functional endometrial layers during menstruation?
Decreased blood flow to the functional endometrial layers
What is the primary component of menstrual fluid?
Desquamated endometrial tissue, red blood cells, inflammatory exudates, and proteolytic enzymes
What is the approximate duration of menstrual flow?
Four to six days
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?
To prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum
What is the predominant form of inhibin produced during the luteal phase?
Inhibin A
What is the characteristic change in the endometrial glands during the luteal phase?
They become more tortuous and dilated
What is the approximate duration of the corpus luteum function if the ovum is not fertilized?
9-11 days
What is the characteristic change in the endometrial stroma during the luteal phase?
It becomes more edematous and vascular
What is the primary function of estrogen and progesterone in the luteal phase?
To prepare the implantation site in the uterus
What is the time frame during which the endometrium is receptive to implantation?
Days 16-22 of a 28-day menstrual cycle
What is the primary cause of the decrease in hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy?
Dilution of red blood cells due to increased plasma volume
What is the threshold for considering a pregnant woman thrombocytopenic?
Platelet count less than 100 × 109 cells/L
What is the approximate percentage increase in plasma volume by 34 weeks' gestation?
50%
What triggers the increase in serum estradiol levels during the follicular phase?
Increase in granulosa cells
Which hormone is responsible for the regeneration of the endometrium during the follicular phase?
Estrogen
What is the primary function of inhibin B during the follicular phase?
Assuring single dominant follicle selection
When does the folliculogenesis begin in the ovarian cycle?
During the last few days of the preceding menstrual cycle
What is characteristic of the endometrium during the follicular phase?
Glands are straight and parallel with little secretion
During which stage of fetal life are all of the 7M primordial follicles formed?
Through mitosis, throughout fetal life
What is the primary reason for the decline in the number of ovarian follicles after puberty?
Recruitment for each menstrual cycle
What is the approximate age at which the number of ovarian follicles becomes negligible?
50 years
What is the process by which the majority of oocytes are lost during fetal life?
Follicular atresia
What is the primary function of ovarian follicles?
To develop and produce the mature ovum
What is the stage of meiosis at which primary oocytes are arrested in the fetal ovary prior to birth?
Diplotene stage
What event triggers the resumption of meiosis in the primary oocyte, leading to the formation of a secondary oocyte?
LH surge
During oogenesis, how many out of four daughter cells survive?
1
What is the primary regulator of the first phase of follicular development, characterized by the growth and differentiation of the oocyte?
Locally produced growth factors
What is the characteristic of granulosa cells during the preantral phase of follicular development?
Cuboidal shape
What is the term for the arrest of meiosis in the developing oocyte due to the lack of meiosis-associated proteins?
Meiotic arrest
What is the stage of follicular development characterized by the appearance of an antral cavity?
Graafian
What is the term for the proteins secreted by the oocyte to form the zona pellucida?
Oocyte-secreted proteins
During oogenesis, what is the fate of the 3 polar bodies that are formed?
They die
What is the stage of meiosis at which the secondary oocyte is arrested, awaiting fertilization?
Metaphase II
During the follicular phase, which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of steroidogenic enzymes in granulosa cells?
FSH
What is the effect of rising progesterone levels on cervical mucus after ovulation?
It decreases in quantity and becomes more viscous
What is the role of androgens in the ovulation process?
They are converted to estrogens in granulosa cells
What is the primary function of GnRH pulses in the menstrual cycle?
To regulate the pattern of gonadotropin secretion
What is the effect of estrogens and progestins on the hypothalamic neurons?
They exert both positive- and negative-feedback controls
Understand the process of menstruation, including the changes in the endometrium and the role of hormonal changes. Learn how the decline in progesterone levels affects the spiral arterioles and leads to tissue ischemia.
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