Menstrual Cycle Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the first menstrual period?

  • Menstruation
  • Menarche (correct)
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Corpus luteum

    • Which hormone is responsible for releasing the mature egg cell during ovulation?

  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (correct)
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone

    • What is the name of the temporary organ that forms in the ovary after ovulation?

  • Follicle
  • Endometrium
  • Corpus luteum (correct)
  • Oviduct

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Regulating the immune system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of dysmenorrhea?

    <p>Painful menstrual cramps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the follicle during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Housing and maturation of the egg cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by a surge in LH?

    <p>Ovulatory phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

    <p>It degenerates and disappears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chromosomes?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT found in DNA?

    <p>Uracil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can cause DNA mutation?

    <p>Sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of mutation that involves changes to the structure or number of chromosomes?

    <p>Chromosomal Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes Chargaff's rule?

    <p>The amount of Adenine (A) equals the amount of Thymine (T) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of copying DNA called?

    <p>Replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the process of translation in the central dogma of molecular genetics?

    <p>mRNA is used to create a protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Phosphate Group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, on what day does ovulation typically occur?

    <p>Day 14 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis?

    <p>Ribosomes decode mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells contain a duplicated set of chromosomes (diploid)?

    <p>Both B and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is detected by pregnancy tests?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of mutagenic chemical found in cigarette smoke?

    <p>Benzoyl Peroxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the central dogma of molecular genetics?

    <p>It carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal mutation?

    <p>Deletion of a portion of a chromosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular genetics?

    <p>The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromosomal mutation involves an extra base pair being added to a sequence?

    <p>Insertion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of deletion mutations in chromosomes?

    <p>Loss of a part or large regions of a chromosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is associated with a defect in the HEXA gene?

    <p>Tay-Sachs disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation results in the order of genes in the chromosome being inverted?

    <p>Inversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is characterized by extra copies of a sequence being present?

    <p>Duplication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic cause of sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Defect in the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 11 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

    <p>Sickle-shaped red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cri-du-chat syndrome from other genetic conditions?

    <p>Missing chromosome 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is usually associated with mild to serious developmental issues and congenital cardiac anomalies?

    <p>Down syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for babies born with Edward's syndrome?

    <p>Usually do not survive beyond a week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Point Mutations

    Changes in a single nucleotide of DNA, altering the gene sequence.

    Insertion Mutation

    Extra base pair added to a DNA sequence, leading to potential disorders.

    Deletion Mutation

    Removal of a base pair from DNA, causing loss of genetic information.

    Translocation Mutation

    Transfer of a chromosomal segment from one chromosome to another.

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    Tay-Sachs Disease

    Recessive genetic disorder due to accumulation of GM2, affecting cognitive and motor functions.

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    mRNA

    Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

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    Codon

    A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

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    Nucleotide

    The basic unit of DNA and RNA, composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

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    Amino Acid

    Organic molecules that are the building blocks of proteins.

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    Protein

    Complex molecules made of amino acids that perform numerous functions in the body.

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    Central Dogma

    The flow of genetic information: DNA -> mRNA -> Protein.

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    Mutation

    Changes in an organism's genetic material caused by errors or external factors.

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    Gene Mutation

    Alterations in one or more genes that may cause disorders or illnesses.

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    Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)

    A single gene disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene on chromosome 11, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells and various health issues.

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    Phenylketonuria (PKU)

    A genetic disorder caused by deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase, leading to accumulation of phenylalanine and resulting in development issues if untreated.

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    Hemophilia

    A genetic disorder characterized by impaired blood clotting, causing prolonged bleeding and internal bleeding risks.

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    Cri-du-chat Syndrome

    A genetic condition resulting from a missing piece of chromosome 5, leading to a distinctive cat-like cry and developmental delays.

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    Down Syndrome

    A genetic disorder caused by trisomy 21, resulting in a range of physical and developmental challenges, including heart and gastrointestinal issues.

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    Menstrual Cycle

    The cycle of physiological changes in females from one menstrual period to the next.

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    Menstruation

    The regular discharge of blood, uterine tissues, and unfertilized egg cells.

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    Menarche

    The first onset of menstruation in a female's life.

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    Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

    A hormone responsible for the release of a matured egg cell from the ovary.

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    Corpus Luteum

    A temporary organ formed from a follicle after ovulation, producing hormones if fertilization doesn’t occur.

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    Significance of Menstrual Cycle

    Regulates reproduction, hormone balance, health indicators, and endometrial renewal.

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    Regular Menstrual Cycle Days

    Typically lasts 21 to 35 days in length for a regular cycle.

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    Menstrual Cycle Duration

    The regular menstrual cycle lasts for 28 days.

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    Flow of Menses

    The flow of menses lasts for 3 to 7 days.

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    Ovulation Day

    Ovulation occurs on the 14th day of a 28-day cycle.

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    Endometrium Changes

    The endometrium thickens on days 21-28 of the cycle.

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    Chromosome Structure

    A chromosome is packaged DNA with proteins that stores genetic information.

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    Human Chromosomes Count

    Humans have 23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes.

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    Chargaff's Rule

    In DNA, A equals T and G equals C.

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    Central Dogma of Genetics

    The central dogma involves DNA replication, transcription to mRNA, and translation.

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    Study Notes

    Menstrual Cycle

    • The menstrual cycle is the series of physiological changes from the start of one period to the next.
    • Menstruation is the regular discharge of blood, uterine tissue, and unfertilized egg cells.
    • Menarche is the first menstrual period.

    Dysmenorrhea

    • Dysmenorrhea is also known as menstrual cramps.
    • Characterized by throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen.
    • Can occur before or during menstrual periods.
    • 1-7 days of menstruation

    Menstrual Cycle Phases

    • The average menstrual cycle is 28 days.
    • Menstrual Phase: (days 1-7)
      • The uterine lining sheds, causing menstruation.
    • Follicular Phase: (days 1-13)
      • FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and egg cells.
      • Follicles mature and one becomes dominant.
    • Ovulation Phase: (day 14)
      • The dominant follicle releases an egg.
      • LH triggers the release.
    • Luteal Phase: (days 15-28)
      • If fertilization doesn't occur, the corpus luteum disintegrates.
      • Estrogen and progesterone levels drop.
      • The uterine lining sheds during menstruation.

    Significance of the Menstrual Cycle

    • Reproduction: The cycle prepares the body for potential pregnancy by regulating ovulation.
    • Hormonal Regulation: Maintains hormone balance (estrogen and progesterone) critical for bodily functions.
    • Health Indicator: A regular cycle is a sign of good health; irregularities may indicate conditions like hormonal imbalances or stress.
    • Endometrial Renewal: The shedding of the uterine lining ensures a healthy environment for embryo implantation.

    DNA vs. RNA

    • Chromosome: A structured package of chromatin (DNA and protein) found within the cell's nucleus.
    • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; stores and transmits genetic information.
    • RNA: Ribonucleic acid; plays a role in protein synthesis.

    DNA Structure and Function

    • Watson-Crick Model of DNA: A double helix structure with sugar-phosphate backbones and nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine).
    • Chargaff's Rule: The amount of adenine equals thymine, and the amount of guanine equals cytosine.
    • Genes: Segments of DNA that carry genetic information.

    Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

    • Replication: Copying of DNA to produce identical copies.
    • Transcription: Copying of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • Translation: mRNA decoding by ribosomes to create proteins.
    • Codons: Three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that specify amino acids.
    • Nucleotides: Building blocks of DNA and RNA consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
    • Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins.
    • Proteins: Complex molecules that perform various functions in the body.

    DNA Mutations

    • Mutations: Changes in an organism's genetic material.
    • Types of Mutations: Gene mutations (gene alteration) and chromosomal mutations (chromosomal abnormality).
    • Point Mutations: Changes to a single nucleotide in DNA.
    • Insertions: Adding extra base pairs.
    • Deletions: Removing base pairs.
    • Duplications: Extra copies of a sequence.
    • Inversions: Reversal of gene order.
    • Translocations: Transfer of a chromosome segment to another.
    • Causes of Mutations: Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents

    Examples of Genetic Disorders

    • Tay-Sachs Disease: Recessive disorder affecting the nervous system.
    • Sickle Cell Anemia: Single-gene disorder affecting hemoglobin.
    • Phenylketonuria (PKU): A metabolic disorder affecting neurodevelopment.
    • Hemophilia: Blood clotting disorders.
    • Cri-du-chat Syndrome: Missing chromosome segment.
    • Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21
    • Edward's Syndrome: Trisomy 18

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    Description

    Explore the phases of the menstrual cycle, including menstruation and dysmenorrhea. Learn about menarche and the physiological changes that occur throughout the average 28-day cycle. This quiz will help you understand the complexities of female reproductive health.

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