Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is considered an abnormal finding in urine microscopy for RBCs?
What is considered an abnormal finding in urine microscopy for RBCs?
- >5 RBCs/HPF (correct)
- 3-5 RBCs/HPF
- No RBCs/HPF
- 1-3 RBCs/HPF
The presence of leukocyte esterase is the most specific finding for diagnosing a UTI.
The presence of leukocyte esterase is the most specific finding for diagnosing a UTI.
False (B)
What does the presence of bacteria in urine usually indicate?
What does the presence of bacteria in urine usually indicate?
A urinary tract infection (UTI)
The presence of __________ is the most specific finding for diagnosing a UTI.
The presence of __________ is the most specific finding for diagnosing a UTI.
Match the following conditions with their corresponding descriptions:
Match the following conditions with their corresponding descriptions:
Which of the following statements about urinary microscopy is correct?
Which of the following statements about urinary microscopy is correct?
What could poor collection technique lead to in urine microscopy?
What could poor collection technique lead to in urine microscopy?
WBCs in urine microscopy are always indicative of a urinary tract infection.
WBCs in urine microscopy are always indicative of a urinary tract infection.
What may low serum bicarbonate levels indicate?
What may low serum bicarbonate levels indicate?
Antinuclear antibodies are commonly found in patients with chronic heart failure.
Antinuclear antibodies are commonly found in patients with chronic heart failure.
What is the primary purpose of a renal biopsy?
What is the primary purpose of a renal biopsy?
Antibodies to GBM are associated with _____ syndrome.
Antibodies to GBM are associated with _____ syndrome.
Which condition is NOT an indication for a renal biopsy?
Which condition is NOT an indication for a renal biopsy?
Thrombocytopenia is a contraindication for performing a renal biopsy.
Thrombocytopenia is a contraindication for performing a renal biopsy.
Name one laboratory analysis that should be performed when low serum albumin is found in a patient.
Name one laboratory analysis that should be performed when low serum albumin is found in a patient.
Match the following conditions with their related antibodies:
Match the following conditions with their related antibodies:
What ultrasound finding is indicative of grade IV hydronephrosis?
What ultrasound finding is indicative of grade IV hydronephrosis?
A renal cyst appears as a thick-walled, echogenic lesion on ultrasound.
A renal cyst appears as a thick-walled, echogenic lesion on ultrasound.
What should be assessed in patients with visible and non-visible haematuria?
What should be assessed in patients with visible and non-visible haematuria?
What is the resistivity index threshold that may indicate certain renal diseases?
What is the resistivity index threshold that may indicate certain renal diseases?
A family history of renal disease is irrelevant when assessing patients with haematuria.
A family history of renal disease is irrelevant when assessing patients with haematuria.
Ultrasound findings in CKD show increased echogenicity with altered __________ differentiation.
Ultrasound findings in CKD show increased echogenicity with altered __________ differentiation.
Match the ultrasound findings with their significance:
Match the ultrasound findings with their significance:
What is a common diagnostic approach to evaluating edema?
What is a common diagnostic approach to evaluating edema?
Which describes the appearance of a renal cyst as observed on ultrasound?
Which describes the appearance of a renal cyst as observed on ultrasound?
Increased hydrostatic pressure can lead to _____.
Increased hydrostatic pressure can lead to _____.
Ultrasound is not useful in differentiating chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury.
Ultrasound is not useful in differentiating chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury.
Match the conditions to their corresponding causes of edema:
Match the conditions to their corresponding causes of edema:
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic edema?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic edema?
What is the main limitation of renal ultrasound imaging mentioned in the context of obese patients?
What is the main limitation of renal ultrasound imaging mentioned in the context of obese patients?
Sepsis is considered a misc. cause of edema.
Sepsis is considered a misc. cause of edema.
What should be considered for further investigation in the presence of certain features in patients with haematuria?
What should be considered for further investigation in the presence of certain features in patients with haematuria?
What is oliguria commonly associated with in middle-aged or elderly men?
What is oliguria commonly associated with in middle-aged or elderly men?
Polyuria is defined as a urine volume in excess of 2 L/24 hrs.
Polyuria is defined as a urine volume in excess of 2 L/24 hrs.
What measurement may help confirm the severity of polyuria?
What measurement may help confirm the severity of polyuria?
The presence of nocturnal ______ suggests a pathological cause.
The presence of nocturnal ______ suggests a pathological cause.
Match the following conditions with their relevant definitions:
Match the following conditions with their relevant definitions:
Study Notes
Urinalysis and UTI Diagnosis
- WBCs in urine are quantified as the number of cells per high power field; more than 5 RBCs/HPF is abnormal.
- Presence of bacteria in urine microscopy typically indicates a UTI, but in asymptomatic cases, may result from poor collection technique.
- Nitrites are the most specific and predictive indicator for diagnosing UTIs; leukocyte esterase, WBCs, and bacteria lack specificity.
Serum Biochemical Findings
- Low serum bicarbonate may indicate renal failure or renal tubular acidosis.
- Low serum albumin can suggest liver disease, malnutrition, or nephrotic syndrome if a new finding.
Immunology and Renal Disease
- Antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies can indicate renal disease related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
- Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are linked to glomerulonephritis due to systemic vasculitis.
Renal Biopsy Indications
- Recommended for cases of acute or chronic kidney injury with uncertain etiology, nephrotic syndrome unresponsive to treatment, and renal transplant dysfunction.
- Rarely indicated for isolated hematuria or low-grade proteinuria without renal function impairment.
Contraindications for Renal Biopsy
- Disordered coagulation or thrombocytopenia complicates procedure and visualization of renal parenchyma.
Renal Cysts on Ultrasound
- Ultrasound findings of thin-walled, anechoic lesions with posterior acoustic enhancement indicate a renal cyst.
Ultrasound in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) vs Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
- CKD may appear as increased parenchymal echogenicity and loss of corticomedullary differentiation on ultrasound.
- Doppler imaging assesses blood flow; a resistivity index > 0.7 can suggest acute tubular necrosis or transplant rejection.
Edema Pathophysiology
- Edema caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction.
- Common causes include kidney failure, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and certain medications.
Oliguria Considerations
- Bladder enlargement in older men may suggest prostatic enlargement as a cause of oliguria or anuria.
- Post-anesthesia urinary retention risks may be heightened in those with pre-existing prostatic issues.
Polyuria Definition and Investigation
- Polyuria is defined as urine excretion exceeding 3 liters in 24 hours.
- Investigations include measuring urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and conducting 24-hour urine collections for severity assessment. Nocturnal polyuria suggests a pathological cause.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the analysis of menstrual blood, focusing on the presence and significance of white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs). It will also touch upon related medical conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and GU malignancies. Aimed at enhancing understanding of hematological assessments.
