Menstrual Blood Analysis
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Questions and Answers

What is considered an abnormal finding in urine microscopy for RBCs?

  • >5 RBCs/HPF (correct)
  • 3-5 RBCs/HPF
  • No RBCs/HPF
  • 1-3 RBCs/HPF

    • The presence of leukocyte esterase is the most specific finding for diagnosing a UTI.

    False

    What does the presence of bacteria in urine usually indicate?

    A urinary tract infection (UTI)

    The presence of __________ is the most specific finding for diagnosing a UTI.

    <p>nitrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Chronic interstitial nephritis = Long-term kidney inflammation Interstitial cystitis = Chronic pelvic pain and urinary urgency Intra-abdominal inflammatory process = Infection near the gastrointestinal tract Contamination with vaginal secretions = False positive results in urine tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about urinary microscopy is correct?

    <p>Negative leukocyte esterase and nitrites rule out a UTI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could poor collection technique lead to in urine microscopy?

    <p>Presence of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    WBCs in urine microscopy are always indicative of a urinary tract infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may low serum bicarbonate levels indicate?

    <p>Renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antinuclear antibodies are commonly found in patients with chronic heart failure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a renal biopsy?

    <p>To establish a diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies to GBM are associated with _____ syndrome.

    <p>Goodpasture's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT an indication for a renal biopsy?

    <p>Isolated low-grade proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenia is a contraindication for performing a renal biopsy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one laboratory analysis that should be performed when low serum albumin is found in a patient.

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their related antibodies:

    <p>SLE = Antinuclear antibodies Goodpasture's syndrome = Antibodies to GBM Glomerulonephritis = ANCAs Systemic vasculitis = Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultrasound finding is indicative of grade IV hydronephrosis?

    <p>Narrow margin of renal parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A renal cyst appears as a thick-walled, echogenic lesion on ultrasound.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be assessed in patients with visible and non-visible haematuria?

    <p>Hypertension and family history of renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resistivity index threshold that may indicate certain renal diseases?

    <blockquote> <p>0.7</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    A family history of renal disease is irrelevant when assessing patients with haematuria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ultrasound findings in CKD show increased echogenicity with altered __________ differentiation.

    <p>corticomedullary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ultrasound findings with their significance:

    <p>Doppler Imaging = Assess blood flow in renal vessels Increased Parenchymal Echogenicity = Characteristic of chronic kidney disease Posterior Acoustic Enhancement = Indicates fluid-filled lesions Operator Dependence = Results less clear in obese patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnostic approach to evaluating edema?

    <p>Assessing hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure, capillary permeability, and lymphatic obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which describes the appearance of a renal cyst as observed on ultrasound?

    <p>Anechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased hydrostatic pressure can lead to _____.

    <p>edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ultrasound is not useful in differentiating chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the conditions to their corresponding causes of edema:

    <p>Kidney failure = Increased hydrostatic pressure Malnutrition = Decreased oncotic pressure Cirrhosis = Increased capillary permeability DVT = Venous obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of chronic edema?

    <p>Acute salt load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of renal ultrasound imaging mentioned in the context of obese patients?

    <p>Operator dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sepsis is considered a misc. cause of edema.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered for further investigation in the presence of certain features in patients with haematuria?

    <p>Referral to nephrology and consideration of renal biopsy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oliguria commonly associated with in middle-aged or elderly men?

    <p>Benign or malignant enlargement of the prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyuria is defined as a urine volume in excess of 2 L/24 hrs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement may help confirm the severity of polyuria?

    <p>24-hour urine collection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of nocturnal ______ suggests a pathological cause.

    <p>polyuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their relevant definitions:

    <p>Oliguria = Low urine output Anuria = Absence of urine output Polyuria = Excessive urine output Urinary retention = Inability to empty the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinalysis and UTI Diagnosis

    • WBCs in urine are quantified as the number of cells per high power field; more than 5 RBCs/HPF is abnormal.
    • Presence of bacteria in urine microscopy typically indicates a UTI, but in asymptomatic cases, may result from poor collection technique.
    • Nitrites are the most specific and predictive indicator for diagnosing UTIs; leukocyte esterase, WBCs, and bacteria lack specificity.

    Serum Biochemical Findings

    • Low serum bicarbonate may indicate renal failure or renal tubular acidosis.
    • Low serum albumin can suggest liver disease, malnutrition, or nephrotic syndrome if a new finding.

    Immunology and Renal Disease

    • Antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies can indicate renal disease related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
    • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are linked to glomerulonephritis due to systemic vasculitis.

    Renal Biopsy Indications

    • Recommended for cases of acute or chronic kidney injury with uncertain etiology, nephrotic syndrome unresponsive to treatment, and renal transplant dysfunction.
    • Rarely indicated for isolated hematuria or low-grade proteinuria without renal function impairment.

    Contraindications for Renal Biopsy

    • Disordered coagulation or thrombocytopenia complicates procedure and visualization of renal parenchyma.

    Renal Cysts on Ultrasound

    • Ultrasound findings of thin-walled, anechoic lesions with posterior acoustic enhancement indicate a renal cyst.

    Ultrasound in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) vs Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

    • CKD may appear as increased parenchymal echogenicity and loss of corticomedullary differentiation on ultrasound.
    • Doppler imaging assesses blood flow; a resistivity index > 0.7 can suggest acute tubular necrosis or transplant rejection.

    Edema Pathophysiology

    • Edema caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or lymphatic obstruction.
    • Common causes include kidney failure, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and certain medications.

    Oliguria Considerations

    • Bladder enlargement in older men may suggest prostatic enlargement as a cause of oliguria or anuria.
    • Post-anesthesia urinary retention risks may be heightened in those with pre-existing prostatic issues.

    Polyuria Definition and Investigation

    • Polyuria is defined as urine excretion exceeding 3 liters in 24 hours.
    • Investigations include measuring urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and conducting 24-hour urine collections for severity assessment. Nocturnal polyuria suggests a pathological cause.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the analysis of menstrual blood, focusing on the presence and significance of white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs). It will also touch upon related medical conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and GU malignancies. Aimed at enhancing understanding of hematological assessments.

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