Human Physiology: Menstrual Cycle and Blood Components

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Questions and Answers

What major physiological change occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Ovulation of mature eggs.

Development of ovarian follicles. (correct)

Increased levels of progesterone.

Formation of the corpus albicans.

During which phase is the corpus albicans primarily formed?

Ovulatory phase

Follicular phase

Luteal phase (correct)

Menstrual phase

What hormone primarily facilitates the growth of follicles during the follicular phase?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Progesterone

Estrogen

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Degeneration of the corpus luteum. Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological process marks the end of the follicular phase?

Release of a mature egg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for platelet count in a healthy individual?

200,000 - 500,000 / µL Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes platelets?

Platelets are small, non-nucleated bodies with granules. Signup and view all the answers

How would a platelet count below 200,000 / µL generally be classified?

Thrombocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

What role do platelets primarily play in the body?

Clotting blood to prevent excessive bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with abnormal platelet counts?

HIV/AIDS Signup and view all the answers

What is the average daily fluid output for a healthy adult?

2-3 L/day Signup and view all the answers

Which component is the major cation in extracellular fluid?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anion found in extracellular fluid?

Chloride Signup and view all the answers

How is fluid balance maintained in the body?

Fluid intake equals fluid output Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes the least to daily fluid output?

Feces Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body weight in an adult man is composed of water?

60% Signup and view all the answers

In a 70 kg adult man, how much total body water is estimated to be present?

42 liters Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution of total body water in the intracellular compartment expressed as a percentage?

40% Signup and view all the answers

How many liters does the intracellular fluid compartment contain in a 70 kg adult man?

28 liters Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies a key compartment of total body water?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the connective tissue sac that surrounds the heart?

To allow free movement of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What type of organ is the heart classified as?

Hollow organ Signup and view all the answers

Which component is crucial for the heart's structural support?

Pericardium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the heart and the pericardium?

The heart lies within the pericardium, which separates it from other structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the heart itself?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Follicular Phase

The follicular phase marks the beginning of the menstrual cycle
During this phase, the ovaries produce and release an egg
The follicle, a small sac that encloses the egg, grows and matures, triggered by hormones
The lining of the uterus (endometrium) thickens in preparation for possible implantation

Corpus Albicans Formation

The corpus albicans is formed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
It is a scar-like tissue formed from the corpus luteum, which regresses after ovulation

Platelets

Platelets are small, granulated cells without a nucleus.
They are essential for blood clotting.
A normal platelet count ranges between 200,000 and 500,000 per microliter (µL).
Platelets are found in blood (intravascular).

Fluid Distribution in the Body

60 % of an adult human body weight is water.
This body water (TBW) is distributed into two major compartments:
- Intracellular fluid: comprising 40% (2/3) of TBW.
- Extracellular fluid: comprising 20% (1/3) of TBW.
The extracellular fluid further divides into interstitial fluid (between cells) and intravascular fluid (blood plasma).
The major cation in extracellular fluid is sodium (Na+), while the major anion is chloride (Cl-).

Fluid Output

Daily fluid output averages 2-3 liters.
The majority of fluid output is through urine (1500 ml).
Other routes include evaporation from the lungs (700 ml), sweating (100 ml), and feces (100 ml).
To maintain balance, fluid intake must match fluid output.

Functional Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
It's surrounded by a connective tissue sac called the pericardium.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in human physiology, focusing on the menstrual cycle phases, the formation of the corpus albicans, and the role of platelets in blood clotting. Additionally, it addresses fluid distribution within the human body. Test your knowledge on these essential biological processes.