77 Questions
What is the environmental component in the determination of multifactorial quantitative traits?
Diet
Which factor determines the degree of development of a quantitative trait in multifactorial features?
Dominant genes with additive effects
Which of the following is an example of a normal multifactorial quantitative feature?
Pigmentation of skin
In a population, the frequency of multifactorial quantitative traits is typically distributed in what manner?
Normal distribution
What kind of variation is generally seen in the intensity of multifactorial quantitative traits within a population?
Continuous variation
How many genes can influence a multifactorial quantitative feature like height?
$400$ genes
Which term refers to dominant genes with additive effects in determining a multifactorial quantitative trait?
Polygenes
What does IQ measure?
Mental abilities
How is children's IQ calculated?
By dividing mental age by calendar age and multiplying by 100
What is the average conventional value for IQ in a given population?
100
How many non-verbal tests are there in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale?
5
Which test measures the ability to reason and perform accounting operations in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale?
Arithmetic
What is the role of 'Similarities' test in the verbal scale?
Measures ability to create and understand concepts
'News' in the verbal scale refers to:
Knowledge acquired during education
'Deviant IQ' in adults is based on a scale with a standard deviation of:
15
What is the only qualifying condition for membership in Mensa?
Scoring in the top 2% on the Mensa test
What is the significance of the name 'Mensa'?
It signifies a round table without distinctions of importance
What types of problems are NOT found in Mensa tests?
Math problems
What is the average frequency of question change in Mensa tests?
Every 5 years
How long do examinees have to solve the tasks in the Mensa test?
20 minutes
Approximately what percentage of people pass the Mensa test?
30%
Who prepares the tasks for the Mensa test?
American scholars
'Documented age over 15 years' as a condition means:
'Documented' with proof of identification
Who is considered the creator of the mobile phone?
Martin Cooper
Who is known for dividing intelligence into multiple categories such as visual-spatial, verbal, and musical?
Howard Gardner
Which profession did Lancelot Ware have?
Lawyer
What is the purpose of fingerprints according to the text?
To aid in gripping objects
How does the text describe the testing of logical-mathematical intelligence?
Dependent on solving logic puzzles
What is the main reason given in the text for IQ tests not providing reliable results?
Potential for training to improve logic skills
Which scientist is associated with Mensa International?
Lancelot Ware
What does Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence suggest?
Intelligence can be divided into various categories.
What is the risk for family members burdened with a discontinuous multifactorial trait?
Higher than the population risk
According to Passarge (1995), what happens to the risk for family members as it moves away from the proband?
It decreases and approaches the population risk
How does pedigree analysis differ between single-gene diseases and multifactorial features?
Pedigree analysis can confirm single-gene diseases but not multifactorial features
What type of twins are important for testing the impact of environmental and genetic factors on multifactorial features?
Monozygotic twins put up for adoption
How are twins defined as 'compatible' in relation to multifactorial traits?
If they both exhibit the same discontinuous feature
Why is it difficult to distinguish between environmental and genetic factors in twins with multifactorial features?
Twins generally experience similar family conditions
What type of tests are necessary to distinguish multifactorial features from those caused by non-genetic factors?
Studies on family correlations
In what situations might a proband manifesting a discontinuous multifactorial trait be unique in their family?
When only one person in the family has the trait
What factor increases the risk of disease recurrence in individuals with genetic predisposition?
Environmental factors
In individuals with genetic predisposition, what may be the most effective way to prevent a disease?
Controlling environmental factors
What increases the risk of disease recurrence in relatives according to the text?
Stronger expression of the disease
Which factor makes it easier to identify environmental factors predisposing to a disease?
Genetic predisposition
What pattern of inheritance may cause some cases of a disease according to the text?
Mendel's inheritance pattern
How many genotypes are possible in the F2 generation when eight different gametes from each parent are combined?
64
Which mathematical concept is used to determine the number of individuals in each feature intensity class in the Punnet's table for traits like height?
Pascal's triangle
In the context of multifactorial quantitative traits, what determines the intensity class of a trait such as height?
Number of dominant genes
What is the model used to study the distribution of the intensity of quantitative traits with continuous variation in a population?
Normal distribution curve
In genetics, what does the Punnet's table primarily help to illustrate?
Genetic dominance
What type of relationship between two relatives results in a higher compliance ratio for genetically determined traits?
Closer relationship
In multifactorial inheritance, what happens to the incidence of discontinuous traits in relatives of a sick person as the proportion of common genes decreases?
It decreases
When analyzing multifactorial features, what can family correlation tests and compatibility tests of twins provide evidence of?
Multifactorial inheritance
When dealing with diseases like lung cancer, which factor plays a significant role in prevention?
Lifestyle changes
In determining heritability of a multifactorial feature, what does heritability estimate?
Genetic factors' impact on phenotypic variability
What is heritability?
The genetic component of the total phenotypic variation of a trait
Which term refers to traits conditioned by one pair of allelic genes?
Monogeneous traits
What does multifactorial inheritance involve?
Both genetic factors and the environment
What is the main feature of multifactorial qualitative traits?
Changes by leaps and bounds
Which term describes genes that determine quantitative traits?
Cumulative genes
What term is used to describe genes with additive effects in determining multifactorial quantitative traits?
Polygenic genes
In a population, the distribution of multifactorial quantitative traits is typically represented by which kind of curve?
Gaussian curve
How many genes can influence a multifactorial quantitative feature like height?
400 genes
What type of variation is generally observed in the intensity of multifactorial quantitative traits within a population?
Continuous variation
What is the main determinant of the degree of development of a quantitative trait in multifactorial features?
Dominant genes
What is the range of values for the indicator of heritability?
0 to 1
Which variance component is represented by 'VS' in the formula for heritability?
Variance depending on the environment
In a population, why are multifactorial diseases more frequent among children of relatives?
The genetic predisposition is stronger in children of relatives
Which multifactorial feature is about seven times more frequent in girls?
Congenital dislocation of the hip joint
In the context of multifactorial diseases, what does 'VC' represent in the formula VG + VS + VC = total phenotype variance?
Variance related to measurement error
How is the number of genotypes calculated for multifactorial quantitative traits?
By multiplying 3 and the total number of allele pairs
What does a frequency distribution of phenotypes for multifactorial traits approach?
Normal distribution
How is the number of phenotypes related to the number of genotypes for multifactorial quantitative traits?
Smaller than the number of genotypes
In Pascal's triangle, what does each number represent?
The sum of the two numbers above it
What determines the number of different phenotypes for multifactorial quantitative traits?
Number of single dominant genes plus one
In the distribution series for a trait with six alleles, how many individuals have a greater than average but less than maximum intensity?
15 individuals
What does '1 6 15 20 15 6 1' represent in relation to multifactorial quantitative traits?
Distribution series for a trait with six alleles
How is the frequency of extensive phenotypes for multifactorial quantitative traits determined?
(1/2) multiplied by the total number of single non-allelic genes
Study Notes
Multifactorial Traits
- Multifactorial traits are inherited according to Mendel's law, considering both family nature and environmental influences.
- Environmental component includes factors such as diet, temperature, climate, and environmental pollution, which determine predispositions (tendencies).
Multifactorial Quantitative Traits
- This group includes normal and pathological phenotypic features, such as: • Height (dependent on 400 genes) • Body weight • Intelligence • Pigmentation of skin, eyes, and hair • Total number of fingerprints • Number of erythrocytes • Blood pressure • Serum cholesterol • Anthropometric measurements
- Pathological examples: obesity, hypertension, susceptibility to infection
- The frequency of multifactorial quantitative traits in the population is normally distributed.
- The distribution of intensity shows continuous variation, with different values between extreme values.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- IQ measures intelligence (mental abilities) and is a numerical value from a psychometric test.
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale consists of 11 tests: • 6 verbal tests: messages, understanding, arithmetic, repeating numbers, similarities, dictionary • 5 non-verbal tests: sorting images, missing images, jigsaws, blocks, symbols of numbers
- Verbal scale measures verbal and conceptual functions, including: • News: resource of messages acquired during education and life experiences • Similarities: ability to create and understand concepts • Arithmetic: ability to reason and perform accounting operations
Mensa and IQ Testing
- Mensa is an international association of people with high IQs.
- To join Mensa, one must pass the Mensa test with a result that places them in the top 2% of the population with the highest IQ.
- Group tests are organized in major cities, with individual examinations available at Mensa psychologists.
- Tests are secret, with questions changing every 5 years.
- Examinees have 20 minutes to solve 45 tasks.
Multifactorial Inheritance
- The risk of recurrence of multifactorial diseases varies significantly in different populations.
- Some multifactorial features are more common in one sex, such as pyloric stenosis in boys and congenital dislocation of the hip joint in girls.
- The risk of re-occurrence of the same disease in the family is the same for all relatives with the same part of common genes.
- The risk drops sharply as the relationship to the sick person diminishes.
Heritability and Multifactorial Traits
- Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation that is attributed to genetic factors.
- Heritability is expressed mathematically by the formula: VG + VS + VC = total phenotype variance.
- Values of heritability range from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates total environmental impact and 1 indicates exclusive influence of genetic factors.
Fingerprint Analysis
- Fingerprints (dermatoglyphs) are the distinctive arrangement of epidermal strips on the tips of fingers and inner surfaces of hands and toes.
- Fingerprints occur in humans and other primates, serving sensory and mechanical functions.
- The study of fingerprint distribution is a model for the distribution of intensity of quantitative traits with continuous variation in the population.
Learn about the only requirement for joining Mensa, an international association for individuals with high IQ. Discover how to qualify by taking the Mensa intelligence test and ranking in the top 2% of the population. Find out about group testing events and individual examination options.
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