Week 3: Tuesday, Sept 19th

What is the normal physiological change in the number of follicles in females from birth to puberty?

The number of follicles decreases from approximately 750,000 to 250,000.

Which hormones are responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle?

LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) are released from the pituitary gland to regulate the menstrual cycle.

What are the specific functions of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen stimulates ovulation and prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg, while progesterone also prepares the uterus and provides negative feedback to inhibit LH and FSH secretion.

What is the hallmark of menopause?

Decreased Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible symptoms during peri- and post-menopause?

Vasomotor Symptoms (hot flashes & night sweats), Mental Health (depression, anxiety), Sleep Disturbance, Cognitive Performance, Sexual Function, Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological changes associated with menopause?

Uterus shrinks, Vaginal atrophy, Bone resorption > formation, Decline in proportion of lean body mass and increase in fat mass, Shift of fat distribution Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of reproductive life according to the STRAW model?

Reproductive years (early, peak, late), Transition years (early and late menopausal transition - MT), Post-menopause (early and late) Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the risks associated with low testosterone?

Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, Dementia, Prostate Cancer, Overall Mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is LATE-ONSET HYPOGONADISM (LOH)?

A syndrome characterized by low testosterone + accompanying signs and/or symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect the trajectory of age-related decline in testosterone?

Adiposity (Overweight & Obesity), Medications, Smoking, Alcohol, Stress, Diet (high fat, low fiber), Genetics Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise influence testosterone levels in older men?

Increased levels of exercise in males are associated with lower likelihood of having low testosterone. Some studies show an increase in total and free testosterone with aerobic exercise, while resistance training may increase bioavailable testosterone. High-intensity interval training has also shown promise. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the health risks associated with menopause?

Cardiovascular disease, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increased visceral adipose, type 2 diabetes, decreased insulin sensitivity, metabolic syndrome, low bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis, genitourinary syndrome of menopause, urinary incontinence, bladder issues, vaginal discomfort, impaired sexual function. Signup and view all the answers

What are some physical activity benefits for post-menopausal women?

Improved sleep, improved mood, prevention of weight gain, maintenance of bone mineral density, maintenance of muscle strength, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes prevention. Signup and view all the answers

How does estrogen affect muscle growth?

Estrogen promotes the anabolic response of muscle cells to exercise, resulting in muscle growth. Signup and view all the answers

What are some risks and benefits of hormone therapy for post-menopausal women?

Risks: increased risk of breast, ovarian, uterine cancers, heart events, stroke, blood clots, and dementia. Benefits: effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms, prevention of bone loss, some cardioprotection at first. Signup and view all the answers