Mendel's Principles of Inheritance

Study Notes

Mendel's Principle of Uniformity states that when two pure-breeding parents with contrasting traits are crossed, their offspring (F1 generation) will all express the dominant trait.
Mendel's Principle of Segregation of Alleles states that during gamete formation, each pair of alleles separates, so that each gamete receives only one allele from each pair.
Characters, which are the observable traits of an organism, are determined by genetic characteristics, called alleles, which exist in alternate forms.
The phenotype, or physical expression of a trait, is determined by the dominant allele.
Alleles segregate randomly during gamete formation, meaning that each gamete receives one allele from each pair, with equal probability.
The P-generation represents the parental generation, where one parent carries the dominant allele for red flower color and the other carries the recessive allele for white flower color.
The F1-generation is the first filial generation, resulting from the cross between the parental generation, displaying hybrid phenotypes.
The F2-generation is the second filial generation, produced from the self-fertilization of the F1 generation, where the recessive trait reappears in individuals that are homozygous for the recessive allele.

Humans inherit 23 pairs of chromosomes, one set from each parent.
Each chromosome carries multiple genes, which are segments of DNA.
The genetic code of DNA is composed of four nucleotides: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C), arranged in specific sequences.
Chromosomes are visualized and numbered from 1 to 22, with an additional Y chromosome for males.