Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Quiz

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is the outcome of Gregor Mendel's study on the height of pea plants in the F2 generation?

  • There was an equal distribution of tall and short plants.
  • F1 generation exhibited both traits.
  • All plants were tall.
  • The ratio of tall to short plants was 3:1. (correct)

What conclusion can be drawn from Mendel's observation that some alleles are dominant and others recessive?

  • An organism can express both traits from its alleles.
  • Gametes contain two alleles for each trait.
  • The presence of recessive alleles in the phenotype is always visible.
  • Only dominant alleles affect the physical traits of an organism. (correct)

According to Mendel's first law, what happens during gamete formation?

  • Homologous chromosomes remain together.
  • Allele pairs separate, leaving a single allele for each trait. (correct)
  • Gametes contain multiple alleles for each trait.
  • All alleles are expressed equally in gametes.

What does Mendel's Second Law, the Law of Independent Assortment, describe?

<p>Alleles for different traits are distributed independently to gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's pea plant experiments, what was the genotype of the homozygous parent plant that contributed the tall trait?

<p>TT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homologous chromosomes characterized by?

<p>Carrying the same genes at the same locus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During self-pollination of Tt plants, what ratio is expected in F2 progeny based on Mendel's findings?

<p>3 Tt to 1 tt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an organism has genotype Bb, what kind of gametes can it produce?

<p>B and b alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a mother who carries one gene for haemophilia will have a son with the disease?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about haemophilia inheritance is true?

<p>All children of a carrier mother will inherit the defective gene. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the phenotype of a bird best determined?

<p>By observing the color and type of its feathers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genotype' refer to in genetics?

<p>The genetic makeup of an organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles for a single trait are typically found in an organism's genotype?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about alleles is incorrect?

<p>Homozygous genotypes have two different alleles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a cross between Yy and Yy parents, what percentage of their offspring will have the same phenotype as both parents?

<p>75% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genotype do two purple-flowered plants have if some offspring are purple and some are red?

<p>Pp x Pp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant phenotype in the described pea plant generation?

<p>Heterozygous purple. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cross demonstrates Mendel's Law of Segregation?

<p>Bb x Bb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a phenotype is described as recessive?

<p>It only expresses when two recessive alleles are present. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which choice represents a potential allelic pair?

<p>K &amp; k (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotypic ratio when crossing two dihybrid organisms?

<p>9:3:3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the outward appearance of a trait determined in an organism?

<p>By its phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a possible allelic pair?

<p>xx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of offspring from a homozygous dominant and a heterozygous trait would exhibit a recessive phenotype?

<p>0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected phenotypic outcome when crossing a pure long-whiskered seal and a short-whiskered seal?

<p>100% long (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's Law of Segregation was formulated after what type of study?

<p>F2 offspring study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenotypic ratio results from a dihybrid cross involving independent assortment?

<p>9:3:3:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Mendel's Law of Dominance?

<p>Dominant traits mask the expression of recessive traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many possible gamete combinations can be produced from the parent genotypes RrGg?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in a mono-hybrid cross?

<p>Genotype determines phenotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected offspring phenotype ratio for green pods and round seeds in a dihybrid cross of RrGg x RrGg?

<p>9:16 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes independent assortment?

<p>Involves the segregation of alleles from different traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does not contribute to the phenotypic ratio of a cross?

<p>The number of genes being considered (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about traits that are inherited independently according to Mendel's findings?

<p>They are inherited separately from each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the expected phenotype ratio for a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Tt x Tt) in a monohybrid cross?

<p>3:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a female have to express the recessive trait for a sex-linked gene?

<p>Two copies of the recessive allele. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do sex-linked traits typically manifest more often in one gender?

<p>Males often express them due to having one X chromosome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dihybrid cross, what does the 9:3:3:1 ratio signify?

<p>Different combinations of two traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When crossing a pure round-seeded plant with a wrinkle-seeded plant, what is the phenotypic expectation?

<p>All offspring will be round-seeded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic linkage occurs when two traits are located on the same chromosome?

<p>Gene linkage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a sex-linked trait in humans?

<p>Color blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio would you expect for males and females in a cross involving a sex-linked recessive trait?

<p>1:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype in the context of independent assortment?

<p>Different genotypes lead to the same phenotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is not likely to be influenced by sex-linked inheritance patterns?

<p>Hair color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which allele combination results in wrinkled seeds from the dihybrid cross RrGg?

<p>rr (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of sex-linked traits compared to autosomal traits?

<p>They can affect males and females differently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic concept explains why results from a monohybrid cross show a 3:1 ratio in offspring?

<p>Law of Segregation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same locations and are the same size. They are essentially identical but with minor variations called alleles.

Alleles

Alternative forms of a gene that determine specific traits. For example, a gene for flower color might have an allele for purple flowers and an allele for white flowers.

Law of Segregation

The principle that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate from each other, so each gamete receives only one allele.

Dominant & Recessive Alleles

The dominant allele is the one that is expressed in the phenotype, even if only one copy is present. The recessive allele is only expressed if two copies are present.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Law of Independent Assortment

This principle states that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of each other. In simpler terms, the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dihybrid Cross

A cross involving two traits at a time, like studying both flower color and plant height simultaneously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism. For example, the color of a flower or the height of a plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the combination of alleles. For example, a plant could have the genotype 'TT' for tall or 'tt' for short.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterozygous

A heterozygous individual possesses two different alleles for a particular trait - one dominant and one recessive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monohybrid Cross

A cross between two individuals that are homozygous for different alleles of a particular trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homozygous

An individual possessing two identical alleles for a particular trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dominant Allele

The allele that masks or suppresses the expression of the other allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recessive Allele

The allele that is masked or suppressed by the dominant allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sex-Linked Inheritance

A genetic condition where a gene responsible for a specific trait is located on the X chromosome.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Meiosis

The process by which organisms produce gametes (sex cells).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Punnett Square

A diagram that visually represents the possible allele combinations in the offspring of a genetic cross.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reproduction

The process by which organisms produce offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dihybrid Phenotype Ratio

The ratio of different phenotypes that result from a dihybrid cross (a cross involving two different traits).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Allelic Pair

Two alternative forms of a gene, responsible for different variations of a trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Law of Dominance

The principle that states that one allele of a gene may mask the expression of another allele.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homozygous Dominant

The genotype of an organism with two dominant alleles for a trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homozygous Recessive

The genotype of an organism with two recessive alleles for a trait.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Independent Assortment

Traits are passed down independently of each other. For example, seed texture and pod color in peas are inherited separately.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene Linkage

When two or more genes are located on the same chromosome, they are inherited together. This results in deviations from independent assortment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dihybrid Cross Phenotype Ratio

The ratio of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross: 9 show dominant for both traits, 3 show dominant for the first trait and recessive for the second, 3 show recessive for the first trait and dominant for the second, and 1 shows recessive for both traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

X-Linked Genes

Genes located on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome. Recessive traits linked to the X chromosome are more common in males because they only have one X chromosome.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Haemophilia

A disease where blood doesn't clot properly, often caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome. Commonly affects males due to X-linked inheritance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sex-Linked Trait

A trait controlled by a gene located on a sex chromosome, typically the X chromosome. Examples include red-green color blindness and haemophilia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gamete

A sex cell (sperm or egg) that carries half the genetic material of the parent organism, containing one allele from each pair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

  • Gregor Mendel studied seven characteristics of pea plants.
  • His work led to the beginning of genetics.
  • He discovered that organisms express only one trait from possible genotypes.

Law of Segregation

  • Diploid organisms have matching chromosome pairs (homologous chromosomes).
  • These have the same length, banding pattern, and genes at the same locations (loci).
  • Organisms inherit two alternative forms of a gene (alleles) from each parent.
  • During gamete formation, allele pairs separate (segregate).
  • One allele per trait is passed to each gamete.
  • When alleles differ, one is dominant, the other recessive.
  • Example: TT (tall) x tt (short) → Tt (tall), F1 generation.
  • F2 generation (Tt x Tt): 3 tall (Tt) : 1 short (tt).

Law of Independent Assortment

  • This law deals with dihybrid crosses, examining two traits simultaneously.
  • Alleles for different traits are distributed independently.
  • Example: Seed texture (round/wrinkled), pod color (green/yellow); traits are inherited independently.
  • Result of a dihybrid cross (RrGg x RrGg): 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.
  • 12 round/green, 4 round/yellow, 4 wrinkled/green, 1 wrinkled/yellow.

Gene Linkage

  • Traits on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together (gene linkage).
  • Mendel's pea plant traits were on separate chromosomes; hence, independent assortment.
  • If genes are on the same chromosome, inheritance is linked; ratios deviate from 9:3:3:1.

Sex-Linked Traits

  • Genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y) determine sex-linked traits.
  • X chromosome is larger, containing more genes than Y.
  • Males have one X chromosome, females have two; recessive traits appear more often in males (due to one X).
  • Example: Fruit fly eye color; affected by sex of offspring.
  • X-linked recessive traits are passed on via females more often than males.
  • Examples in humans: haemophilia & red-green colour blindness.

Determining Phenotype

  • Phenotype is the observable physical expression of a trait (e.g., flower color, seed shape).
  • To determine it, look at the characteristic.

Genotype vs. Phenotype

  • Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., alleles) of a trait.
  • Genotype determines phenotype.
  • Phenotype is the visible trait.

Alleles

  • Alleles are different forms of a gene. One inherits two alleles for each trait. Possible pairs examples are: "kk ", "Pp", "Tt", "Rr"
  • A possible allele pair would be: "K" & "k"

Number of alleles per trait

  • Normally, there are two alleles for one trait.

Specific Example Crosses:

  • Various example crosses are provided to demonstrate the inheritance patterns and resulting phenotypic ratios.

Additional Questions (Multiple Choice)

  • Several questions regarding these concepts are also included.

Punnett Square Examples

  • Detailed Punnett square examples illustrate the predicted phenotypic ratios and genotypes for different crosses for the seven different traits studied by Mendel.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Mendelian Genetics Overview
5 questions

Mendelian Genetics Overview

BountifulTropicalIsland1561 avatar
BountifulTropicalIsland1561
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
13 questions

Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

ConsistentGreatWallOfChina avatar
ConsistentGreatWallOfChina
Mendel and the Gene Idea
25 questions

Mendel and the Gene Idea

KnowledgeablePyrope avatar
KnowledgeablePyrope
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser