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Questions and Answers
What does incomplete dominance refer to in genetics?
What does incomplete dominance refer to in genetics?
- Heterozygotes exhibit a phenotype that is a blend of both parents. (correct)
- Heterozygotes display the same phenotype as one parent.
- Two alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype.
- Multiple alleles are present for a single gene.
Which of the following best describes pleiotropy?
Which of the following best describes pleiotropy?
- One gene affects multiple traits. (correct)
- Multiple genes influence a single trait.
- A trait is determined entirely by environmental factors.
- An allele can be codominant with another.
What is the role of epistasis in genetics?
What is the role of epistasis in genetics?
- It describes genes with more than two alleles.
- It involves interaction between multiple genes at different loci. (correct)
- It refers to cases where environmental factors influence phenotype.
- It results in the dominance of one gene over another.
Which scenario exemplifies codominance?
Which scenario exemplifies codominance?
What is the purpose of genetic testing in relation to inheritance?
What is the purpose of genetic testing in relation to inheritance?
What is the purpose of a test cross?
What is the purpose of a test cross?
Which statement correctly describes alleles?
Which statement correctly describes alleles?
What does the law of independent assortment state?
What does the law of independent assortment state?
What defines a homozygous recessive genotype?
What defines a homozygous recessive genotype?
Which of the following accurately describes phenotypes?
Which of the following accurately describes phenotypes?
In Mendelian genetics, what does the multiplication rule help determine?
In Mendelian genetics, what does the multiplication rule help determine?
What is a key characteristic of true-breeding plants?
What is a key characteristic of true-breeding plants?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a dihybrid cross?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a dihybrid cross?
Flashcards
True-breeding plants
True-breeding plants
Plants that consistently produce offspring with the same traits as the parent.
Dominant trait
Dominant trait
A trait that masks or hides the presence of a recessive trait.
Recessive trait
Recessive trait
A trait that is hidden by a dominant trait.
Alleles
Alleles
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Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
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Homozygous
Homozygous
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
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Test cross
Test cross
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Incomplete Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
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Codominance
Codominance
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Multiple Alleles
Multiple Alleles
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Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy
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Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree Analysis
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Study Notes
Mendel's Experiments and Laws
- Mendel used the scientific method to identify two laws of inheritance.
- He used pea plants because their features are heritable.
- True-breeding plants have offspring with the same traits.
- P generation: pure-bred parental generation
- F1 generation: offspring of the parents
- F2 generation: offspring of F1
Dominant and Recessive Traits
- Dominant traits mask the expression of recessive traits.
- Alleles are alternative versions of a gene.
Mendel's Concepts
- Alternative versions of genes cause variations in inherited traits.
- Each characteristic/trait has two alleles, inherited from each parent.
- If differing alleles exist, the dominant one dictates the organism's appearance.
- The two alleles segregate during gamete formation, which leads to different gametes.
Law of Segregation
- Heritable characteristic alleles separate during gamete formation.
- Gametes receive one allele.
Phenotype vs Genotype
- Phenotype: observable traits
- Genotype: genetic makeup
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
- Homozygous: possessing two identical alleles of a gene
- Heterozygous: possessing two different alleles of a gene
Testcross
- A cross used to determine the genotype.
Law of Independent Assortment
- Alleles of different genes segregate independently during gamete formation.
Probability Laws
- Multiplication rule: probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.
- Addition rule: probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
More Complex Inheritance Patterns
- Incomplete dominance: F₁ hybrids have an intermediate phenotype between parental varieties.
- Codominance: two dominant alleles affect the phenotype differently.
- Multiple alleles: most genes have multiple allelic forms in a population, with many possible phenotypes.
- Pleiotropy: genes have multiple phenotypic effects. (e.g., sickle cell disease).
Gene Expression and Environmental Impacts
- Epistasis: a gene expression at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus.
- Polygenic inheritance: two or more genes affect a phenotype
- Environmental factors influence phenotype significantly.
Pedigree Analysis and Genetic Counseling
- Pedigree analysis: family tree showing inheritance patterns.
- Genetic testing and counseling: tools for understanding and managing risks of genetic traits.
- Multifactorial disorders: genetic and environmental factors contribute.
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