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Questions and Answers
What did Mendel call the things that were stably passed down from parent to offspring through gametes?
What did Mendel call the things that were stably passed down from parent to offspring through gametes?
- Phenotypes
- Factors (correct)
- Genomes
- Traits
In Mendel's experiments, what were the units of inheritance called?
In Mendel's experiments, what were the units of inheritance called?
- Organelles
- Histones
- Genes (correct)
- Chromosomes
What term is used for slightly different forms of the same gene?
What term is used for slightly different forms of the same gene?
- Mutations
- Genotypes
- Alleles (correct)
- Phenotypes
In Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments, what was the observed phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?
In Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments, what was the observed phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?
Which letters are used for alleles representing the traits expressed at the F1 stage?
Which letters are used for alleles representing the traits expressed at the F1 stage?
According to Mendel's observations, what did the contrasting traits not show at either F1 or F2 stage?
According to Mendel's observations, what did the contrasting traits not show at either F1 or F2 stage?
According to Mendel's Law of Dominance, when are recessive characters expressed?
According to Mendel's Law of Dominance, when are recessive characters expressed?
When a recessive character that was not expressed in heterozygous condition becomes homozygous, what does it demonstrate according to Mendel?
When a recessive character that was not expressed in heterozygous condition becomes homozygous, what does it demonstrate according to Mendel?
What is the term used for the physical expression of characters regulated by genes on chromosomes?
What is the term used for the physical expression of characters regulated by genes on chromosomes?
In a Punnett Square, what does each cell represent?
In a Punnett Square, what does each cell represent?
When Mendel studied the inheritance of two characters together, what did he find according to the Law of Independent Assortment?
When Mendel studied the inheritance of two characters together, what did he find according to the Law of Independent Assortment?
What term is used for genes that are located on the same chromosomes and do not follow Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
What term is used for genes that are located on the same chromosomes and do not follow Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
Which term describes a genetic scenario where an individual has two different alleles for a gene?
Which term describes a genetic scenario where an individual has two different alleles for a gene?
In the context of ABO blood grouping, how many alleles govern the same character?
In the context of ABO blood grouping, how many alleles govern the same character?
When considering starch grain size, which type of allele interaction is observed in pea seeds?
When considering starch grain size, which type of allele interaction is observed in pea seeds?
Which genotype would produce round seeds in pea plants according to the provided information?
Which genotype would produce round seeds in pea plants according to the provided information?
What is the term for the observable physical characteristics of an organism determined by their genetic makeup?
What is the term for the observable physical characteristics of an organism determined by their genetic makeup?
In Mendel's principles, what term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
In Mendel's principles, what term describes the genetic makeup of an organism?
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Study Notes
Inheritance Concepts
- Mendel referred to heritable factors passed from parent to offspring as "factors".
- In Mendel's experiments, these units of inheritance were later termed "genes".
Gene Variants and Ratios
- Slightly different forms of the same gene are known as "alleles".
- In the F2 generation of Mendel's monohybrid cross experiments, the observed phenotypic ratio was 3:1.
Alleles and Traits
- Uppercase and lowercase letters are used for alleles; uppercase represents dominant traits, while lowercase signifies recessive traits.
- Contrasting traits did not appear in the F1 generation but re-emerged in the F2 generation.
Law of Dominance
- According to Mendel's Law of Dominance, recessive characters are expressed only when in a homozygous condition.
- When a recessive character that is not expressed in a heterozygous condition becomes homozygous, it demonstrates the recessive trait.
Genetic Expression and Punnett Squares
- The physical expression of characters regulated by genes is known as phenotype.
- In a Punnett Square, each cell represents a possible genotype of the offspring.
Law of Independent Assortment
- When studying the inheritance of two characters together, Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment indicates that alleles for separate traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
Linked Genes and Genetic Variation
- Genes located on the same chromosome that do not follow the Law of Independent Assortment are referred to as "linked genes".
- An individual with two different alleles for a gene is described as heterozygous.
ABO Blood Grouping
- In the context of ABO blood grouping, three alleles govern the same character: A, B, and O.
Allele Interaction and Seed Characteristics
- In pea seeds regarding starch grain size, incomplete dominance is observed, where intermediate traits are expressed.
- The genotype that produces round seeds in pea plants is homozygous dominant (RR) or heterozygous (Rr).
Genetic Makeup and Physical Characteristics
- The observable characteristics of an organism determined by their genetic makeup are termed phenotype.
- Mendel's principles refer to the genetic makeup of an organism as genotype.
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