Mendelian Laws of Inheritance Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of 'genetics'?

  • The study of the structure and function of cells
  • The study of the development of organisms
  • The study of the origin of life
  • The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring (correct)

Which branch of genetics focuses on gene expression and regulation?

  • Cytogenetics
  • Transmission genetics
  • Molecular genetics (correct)
  • Population genetics

What is the primary function of chromosomes?

  • To regulate cell division
  • To provide structural support for the cell
  • To produce energy for the cell
  • To store and transmit genetic information (correct)

What is the relationship between genes and alleles?

<p>Genes are specific locations on chromosomes, while alleles are variant forms of those genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a branch of genetics?

<p>Astrophysics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'variation' in genetics?

<p>The differences between individuals within a species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Gregor Mendel's work in genetics?

<p>He established the foundation for modern genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of Gregor Mendel?

<p>Physician (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross?

<p>9:3:3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inheritance in peas that makes them ideal for studying genetics?

<p>The organism is difficult to handle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between autosomal traits and sex-linked traits?

<p>Autosomal traits are determined by genes located on autosomes, while sex-linked traits are determined by genes located on sex chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is characterized by the buildup of mucus in the respiratory and digestive organs?

<p>Cystic fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of inheritance of achondroplasia?

<p>Autosomal dominant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to conduct controlled mating experiments in humans?

<p>Human mating is influenced by social and cultural factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of genetic counseling?

<p>To provide information and support to individuals and families affected by genetic disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a challenge associated with studying inheritance in humans?

<p>Generation time is shorter than in some organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the eye color in an individual?

<p>The combination of alleles inherited from parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In pea plants, which of the following describes a homozygous individual?

<p>Has two identical alleles for a characteristic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotype when looking at the shape of pea seeds?

<p>The observable trait, such as round or wrinkled seeds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a dihybrid cross involve?

<p>Mating involving two pairs of contrasting traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about recessive alleles?

<p>They can be expressed if inherited in a homozygous condition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

<p>To predict the genotypic ratios of offspring from a genetic cross (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Principle of Dominance state?

<p>One allele can mask the expression of another allele in a heterozygous individual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the F1 generation?

<p>It is the first generation of offspring from a parental cross (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a sex-limited trait?

<p>Controlled by autosomal genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does recombination do in genetics?

<p>Increases genetic diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do incomplete dominance traits manifest phenotypically?

<p>Heterozygote show an intermediate phenotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of trait is transmitted through the X chromosome?

<p>X-linked trait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a Y-linked trait?

<p>Hypertrichosis pinnae auris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique offspring ratios can be produced from traits with multiple alleles?

<p>Different from simple Mendelian ratios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is most likely to be more common in males than females?

<p>Color blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phenotypic classes can incomplete dominance produce at most?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes codominance in a heterozygous genotype?

<p>The heterozygote expresses both alleles simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in gene interaction?

<p>The expression of one gene being influenced by another gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the ABO blood group system, how is blood type determined?

<p>By the presence of antigens A and B on red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does recessive epistasis involve?

<p>One gene masking the expression of another gene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the alleles in the ABO blood group?

<p>Both IA and IB are dominant over i. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about antigens in blood type is correct?

<p>They are membrane proteins that can trigger agglutination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes dominant epistasis?

<p>An epistatic gene dominates the expression of a hypostatic gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these traits does NOT display codominance?

<p>The flower color in snapdragons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hemoglobin in the body?

<p>To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pedigree's application?

<p>Determining the severity of the genetic condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a sex-linked trait from autosomal traits?

<p>Sex-linked traits are expressed in a different pattern in males versus females. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why an individual might seek medical attention and become a proband in a pedigree?

<p>To receive a diagnosis for a suspected genetic condition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for a couple to be "consanguineous" in a pedigree?

<p>They are related by blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sex-linked traits, what does it mean for a female to be a carrier?

<p>She carries one copy of the affected gene and one copy of the normal gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of recombination in terms of genetic diversity?

<p>To create new combinations of genes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of a sex-influenced trait, which statement is accurate?

<p>The trait is expressed differently between males and females. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genetics

The study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Heredity

The process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Variation

Differences between individuals within a species.

Molecular Genetics

Deals with the study of DNA and gene expression.

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Cytogenetics

Deals with the structure and behavior of chromosomes during cell division.

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Transmission Genetics

Deals with patterns of inheritance and predicting outcomes of reproduction.

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Population Genetics

Deals with how evolution influences genes within a population.

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Alleles

Alternative forms of a gene (different versions of the same gene).

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Inheritance

The process where parents pass down their traits to their offspring.

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Genotype

The combination of alleles an organism possesses. It determines the potential for certain traits.

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Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait based on the genotype. It's what you can actually see.

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Dominant allele

An allele that is always expressed in a heterozygous individual.

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Recessive allele

An allele that is only expressed in a homozygous individual.

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Monohybrid cross

A cross between two individuals with contrasting traits for a single characteristic.

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Dihybrid cross

A cross between two individuals with contrasting traits for two different characteristics.

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Law of Segregation

The separation of allele pairs during gamete formation in a monohybrid cross.

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Law of Independent Assortment

The independent separation of allele pairs from different genes during gamete formation in a dihybrid cross.

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Pedigree Analysis

A diagram that shows the inheritance of a trait across multiple generations of a family.

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Genetic Counseling

A genetic test used to assess an individual's risk of inheriting particular disorders.

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Achondroplasia

A condition that affects the bones, causing shortness in stature, due to a mutated gene.

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Cystic Fibrosis

A recessive condition that causes a buildup of mucus in the respiratory and digestive systems.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

A recessive disease that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, affecting their ability to carry oxygen.

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Autosomal Traits

Traits that are passed down through genes located on autosomes, the non-sex chromosomes.

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Pedigree

A diagram that shows the inheritance of a trait across generations in a family.

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Affected

Individuals who have a confirmed genetic condition within a family pedigree.

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Proband

The first individual in a family who seeks medical attention for a genetic condition.

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Consanguineous

A couple in a family who are related by blood.

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Recombination

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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Sex-Linked Traits

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y).

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Carrier Female

A female who carries one copy of a recessive X-linked allele but does not express the associated trait.

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Sex-Influenced Trait

Traits controlled by genes on autosomal chromosomes, but their expression is influenced by sex hormones.

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Codominance

A type of inheritance where both alleles of a gene are expressed simultaneously in the heterozygous genotype.

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Epistasis

A type of gene interaction where the expression of one gene masks the expression of another.

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Recessive Epistasis

A type of epistasis where the homozygous recessive allele of one gene masks the expression of all alleles of another gene.

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Dominant Epistasis

A type of epistasis where the dominant allele of one gene masks the expression of all alleles of another gene.

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Multiple Alleles

The inheritance pattern when a gene has more than two alleles. This means there are more than two possible forms of the gene.

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ABO Blood Group

The blood type system where antigens A and B are expressed on red blood cells. It involves three alleles: IA, IB, and i.

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Antigens

The molecules on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood type. In the ABO system, they are A and B antigens.

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Agglutination

A process that identifies the presence of antigens on red blood cells by the immune system. If an antigen is present, the immune system will react.

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Sex-limited Trait

A trait controlled by genes located on autosomes, but expressed only in one sex. For example, breastfeeding is a sex-limited trait as only females can produce breast milk.

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X-linked Trait

A trait influenced by genes on the X chromosome. Males are more likely to inherit these traits due to having only one X chromosome.

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Y-linked Trait

A trait influenced by genes on the Y chromosome. Only males can inherit these traits as they are the only ones with a Y chromosome.

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Incomplete Dominance

A type of inheritance where the heterozygote phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes. Neither allele is completely dominant.

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Autosomes

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in humans, determining traits not related to sex.

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Sex Chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes determining an individual's sex.

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Gene Interaction

The study of how genes interact and influence traits. It expands on Mendelian genetics by considering more complex inheritance patterns.

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Study Notes

Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

  • Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
  • Heredity is the process of passing traits from parents to offspring.
  • Variation refers to differences between individuals within a species.

Branches of Genetics

  • Molecular genetics: Focuses on DNA, gene expression, and gene regulation.
  • Cytogenetics: Deals with chromosome structure and behavior during cell division.
  • Transmission genetics (classical genetics): Studies the patterns of inheritance.
  • Population genetics: Examines how evolution affects genes in a population.

Gregor Mendel

  • Considered the "Father of Genetics."
  • A monk who conducted experiments with pea plants.
  • His work established the basic principles of inheritance.

Pea Plant Hybridization

  • Mendel used pea plants for his experiments.
  • Pea plants exhibit traits that are easily observable and categorize.
  • Pea plants self-fertilize and can be cross-fertilized.

Previous Notions of Inheritance

  • Pangenesis: A theory that suggested every part of the body produced "seeds" that combined to create the offspring.
  • Homunculus theory: Proposed that a tiny, fully formed human (homunculus) existed within sperm.
  • Blending theory: Suggested traits from parents blended together in every generation.

Genetic Terminologies

  • Chromosomes: Carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
  • Homologous chromosomes: A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent.
    • Each carries information for the same trait.
  • Alleles: Different forms of a gene (variant forms of a gene).
  • Dominant allele: An allele that masks the expression of another allele.
  • Recessive allele: An allele whose expression is masked by a dominant allele.
  • Genotype: The combination of alleles an organism possesses.
  • Phenotype: The observable traits of an organism.
  • Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a trait.
  • Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a trait.

Principle of Dominance

  • In a heterozygous individual, the dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele

Monohybrid Cross

  • A cross between two individuals involving one pair of contrasting traits.
  • Examples for pea plants include: height, seed color, seed shape, etc.
  • Mendel's experiments led to the Law of Segregation.

Law of Segregation

  • The two alleles for a gene separate from each other during gamete formation.

Punnett Square

  • A tool used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

Dihybrid Cross

  • A cross between two individuals involving two pairs of contrasting traits.
  • Leads to the Law of Independent Assortment.

Law of Independent Assortment

  • The alleles for different traits separate independently of each other during gamete formation.
  • The inheritance of these traits are independent.

Pedigree Analysis

  • A diagram showing the inheritance of a trait across generations of a family.
  • Used for tracing traits in humans.
  • In humans, controlled mating is not possible, and generation time is longer.

Genetic Counseling

  • Provides advice on genetic conditions and risks to families.
  • Performed in accredited health institutions.

Sex-Linked Traits

  • Traits linked to sex chromosomes (X and Y).
  • X-linked traits are more common in males than females.
  • Y-linked traits are only present in males.
  • Color blindness and hemophilia are examples of X-linked traits.

Gene Interaction

  • Alleles of different genes can interact.
  • Epistasis occurs when one gene masks the expression of a second gene.
  • Dominant and recessive epistasis occur in different ways.
  • Incomplete dominance and Codominance are other forms of gene interactions to consider.

Multiple Alleles

  • ABO blood group is an example of multiple alleles.
  • Three possible alleles (IA, IB, and i) determine blood type.

Blood Types

  • Blood type is determined by the presence of antigens on red blood cells.
  • Different blood types are classified by presence of antigens and corresponding antibody.

Other Genetic Concepts

  • Recombination: The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
  • Sex-influenced traits: Traits that are influenced by sex hormones.
  • Sex-limited traits: Traits that only occur in one sex.

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