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Questions and Answers
What is the term for different forms of the same gene?
What is the term for different forms of the same gene?
A trait determined by a single gene is referred to as:
A trait determined by a single gene is referred to as:
Which process of cell division results in gametes?
Which process of cell division results in gametes?
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is known as the:
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is known as the:
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What is the term for an individual with two different alleles for a specific gene?
What is the term for an individual with two different alleles for a specific gene?
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What is the primary purpose of the approximately 2-3% of human DNA directly involved in protein production?
What is the primary purpose of the approximately 2-3% of human DNA directly involved in protein production?
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Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic change?
Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic change?
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What is the term for the existence of two or more alleles at a locus, resulting in multiple genotypes?
What is the term for the existence of two or more alleles at a locus, resulting in multiple genotypes?
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What is the primary function of a codon?
What is the primary function of a codon?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between a gene and a protein?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between a gene and a protein?
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In the context of DNA structure, what are the 'rungs' of the double helix composed of?
In the context of DNA structure, what are the 'rungs' of the double helix composed of?
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Which of the following is considered the ultimate source of all new genetic variation?
Which of the following is considered the ultimate source of all new genetic variation?
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What is the primary significance of neutral mutations in evolution?
What is the primary significance of neutral mutations in evolution?
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Which farming practices are described in the provided text?
Which farming practices are described in the provided text?
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What is gel electrophoresis used to assess in the context of genetics?
What is gel electrophoresis used to assess in the context of genetics?
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Which of the following is NOT a known 'force of evolution'?
Which of the following is NOT a known 'force of evolution'?
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A person with the 'AS' genotype for hemoglobin will MOST likely experience:
A person with the 'AS' genotype for hemoglobin will MOST likely experience:
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What is the primary vector for the parasite Plasmodium falciparum?
What is the primary vector for the parasite Plasmodium falciparum?
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Which of the following is a true statement regarding mutations?
Which of the following is a true statement regarding mutations?
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In the life cycle of the parasite responsible for malaria, where does uncontrolled reproduction primarily occur in humans?
In the life cycle of the parasite responsible for malaria, where does uncontrolled reproduction primarily occur in humans?
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Sickle cell anemia is primarily found in people of which ancestry?
Sickle cell anemia is primarily found in people of which ancestry?
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What effect does decreased oxygen pressure have on hemoglobin and red blood cells?
What effect does decreased oxygen pressure have on hemoglobin and red blood cells?
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What genetic pattern is associated with the inheritance of sickle cell trait?
What genetic pattern is associated with the inheritance of sickle cell trait?
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What is a characteristic of disruptive selection?
What is a characteristic of disruptive selection?
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Which factor does NOT primarily influence the extent of genetic drift within a population?
Which factor does NOT primarily influence the extent of genetic drift within a population?
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What is the primary outcome of genetic drift when it is the only evolutionary force acting on a population?
What is the primary outcome of genetic drift when it is the only evolutionary force acting on a population?
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Which of the following scenarios best represents the concept of the founder effect?
Which of the following scenarios best represents the concept of the founder effect?
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In the context of population genetics, what does 'effective population size' refer to?
In the context of population genetics, what does 'effective population size' refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of microevolutionary change observed in recent human history (last 10,000 years)?
Which of the following is NOT an example of microevolutionary change observed in recent human history (last 10,000 years)?
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The Amish population's high rate of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a classic example of:
The Amish population's high rate of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a classic example of:
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What distinguishes the bottleneck effect from the founder effect in population genetics?
What distinguishes the bottleneck effect from the founder effect in population genetics?
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What is the relationship between an organism's fitness and its number of surviving offspring?
What is the relationship between an organism's fitness and its number of surviving offspring?
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What is the primary focus of macroevolutionary studies?
What is the primary focus of macroevolutionary studies?
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According to Ernst Mayr's definition, what is the primary criterion for classifying organisms within the same species?
According to Ernst Mayr's definition, what is the primary criterion for classifying organisms within the same species?
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What is the key distinction between parallel and convergent evolution?
What is the key distinction between parallel and convergent evolution?
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What does the concept of 'hybrid vigor' refer to?
What does the concept of 'hybrid vigor' refer to?
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In the context of the leopard frog example, what is observed regarding phenotypic differences with geographic distance?
In the context of the leopard frog example, what is observed regarding phenotypic differences with geographic distance?
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What is the significance of 'reproductive isolation' according to the material?
What is the significance of 'reproductive isolation' according to the material?
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If a population has 50 individuals with the genotype AA and 50 with the genotype BO at a given locus, what is the frequency of the A allele?
If a population has 50 individuals with the genotype AA and 50 with the genotype BO at a given locus, what is the frequency of the A allele?
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According to the text what is the 'primary unit of evolution'?
According to the text what is the 'primary unit of evolution'?
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What is the primary effect of gene flow on genetic variation within a breeding population?
What is the primary effect of gene flow on genetic variation within a breeding population?
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In the context of natural selection, what does 'differential mortality' refer to?
In the context of natural selection, what does 'differential mortality' refer to?
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During the drought of 1977 in the Galapagos, what was the primary reason that larger medium ground finches were more likely to survive?
During the drought of 1977 in the Galapagos, what was the primary reason that larger medium ground finches were more likely to survive?
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What is the key difference between a polygenic trait and a monogenic trait, regarding directional selection, demonstrated in the text?
What is the key difference between a polygenic trait and a monogenic trait, regarding directional selection, demonstrated in the text?
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What environmental change caused the shift in peppered moth populations from predominantly light-colored to predominantly dark-colored?
What environmental change caused the shift in peppered moth populations from predominantly light-colored to predominantly dark-colored?
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In stabilizing selection, how does the heterozygote compare to both homozygotes as it relates to fitness?
In stabilizing selection, how does the heterozygote compare to both homozygotes as it relates to fitness?
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What is the significance of 'balanced polymorphism' in the context of sickle cell anemia?
What is the significance of 'balanced polymorphism' in the context of sickle cell anemia?
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Why was the S allele for sickle cell anemia more frequent in some African populations than in the US?
Why was the S allele for sickle cell anemia more frequent in some African populations than in the US?
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What was a critical change that led to an increase in malaria cases according to the content provided?
What was a critical change that led to an increase in malaria cases according to the content provided?
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According to the text provided, what is one of the characteristics of an environment that can maintain a balanced polymorphism?
According to the text provided, what is one of the characteristics of an environment that can maintain a balanced polymorphism?
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What best describes the typical trend in body size of the medium ground finches after the return of normal rainfall?
What best describes the typical trend in body size of the medium ground finches after the return of normal rainfall?
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What best describes the effect of an El Niño event on the medium ground finch population described in the text?
What best describes the effect of an El Niño event on the medium ground finch population described in the text?
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According to what is described in the text, what was the main difference between plants living in low-lying and high-lying areas?
According to what is described in the text, what was the main difference between plants living in low-lying and high-lying areas?
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In the context of natural selection, what is the key factor that results in changes of gene frequency within a population.
In the context of natural selection, what is the key factor that results in changes of gene frequency within a population.
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What is one of the conditions needed for natural selection to occur, according to the text provided?
What is one of the conditions needed for natural selection to occur, according to the text provided?
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Study Notes
Blending Theory of Inheritance
- Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) conducted experiments on pea plants, using 28,000 plants and 400,000 seeds.
- His research demonstrated discrete combinations of traits, not blending.
Mendelian Inheritance
- Inheritance involves physical units (genes) that maintain their identity from parents to offspring.
- Dominant, recessive, and codominance describe relationships between different forms of the same gene (alleles).
- A Locus is the physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
- Alleles are different forms of a gene.
- Homozygotes have two identical alleles, while heterozygotes have two different alleles.
- Genotype is the specific combination of alleles, phenotype is the morphological result of the genotype.
- Monogenic traits are determined by single genes, while polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes.
- Polymorphism refers to the existence of multiple allele forms at a single locus.
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes are containers of DNA.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) in each cell, one from each parent.
DNA Structure and Function
- Humans have approximately 21,000 genes.
- These produce at least 100,000 proteins.
- Non-coding RNA plays a role in gene regulation.
- Epigenetics describes heritable changes in gene expression due to non-DNA changes.
- Exons are coding regions, introns are non-coding regions.
- Codons are three-base sequences that code for specific amino acids, which assemble into proteins.
- Genes' function is the determination of protein structure and function.
- DNA structure is a double helix with base pairs (Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine).
Meiosis and Mitosis
- Meiosis is cell division producing gametes (egg and sperm).
- Mitosis is cell division in all other cells.
- Mitosis occurs in somatic cells creating identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis creates sex cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes.
Evolution and Variation
- The ultimate source of new genetic variation is change in DNA base sequences.
- Mutation rates are random.
- Genetic variation within a population.
- Gene flow involves the movement of individuals and genes between populations.
- Evolutionary factors (like natural selection and drift) can influence gene frequency within populations.
- Natural selection acts on phenotypes, favoring those beneficial in a given environment leading to greater fitness.
- Neutral mutations occur in genes where no selection for or against the mutation exists.
- The founder effect occurs when a new population is established by a small group of individuals.
- Genetic drift changes allele frequencies due to random events.
- Balanced polymorphisms occur where multiple alleles persist at stable frequencies.
- Evolution happens in populations over generations
Environmental Influences and Phenotypic Variation
- Organisms are best-adapted to their environments.
- Directional selection shifts to the phenotype favoured by the environment's stresses
- Environmental influences can lead to phenotypic change.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of Mendelian inheritance, blending theory, and the role of chromosomes. Test your knowledge of Gregor Mendel's experiments, genetic terminology, and the relationships between alleles. Understand how traits are inherited through generations and the significance of genotype and phenotype.
