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Questions and Answers
What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism?
What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism?
In a Punnett Square involving two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa), what is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring?
In a Punnett Square involving two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa), what is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring?
What does the term 'allele' refer to in genetics?
What does the term 'allele' refer to in genetics?
If nondisjunction occurs, what is the potential outcome for the resulting cells?
If nondisjunction occurs, what is the potential outcome for the resulting cells?
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Which statement about X-linked recessive traits is correct?
Which statement about X-linked recessive traits is correct?
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What occurs during co-dominance in genetics?
What occurs during co-dominance in genetics?
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The term 'phenotype' is best defined as:
The term 'phenotype' is best defined as:
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What term describes the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?
What term describes the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?
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Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized as cell-mediated and causes delayed contact dermatitis?
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized as cell-mediated and causes delayed contact dermatitis?
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What type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and typically results in immediate allergic reactions?
What type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and typically results in immediate allergic reactions?
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Which type of hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated reactions targeting cell surface antigens?
Which type of hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated reactions targeting cell surface antigens?
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Which type of hypersensitivity causes inflammation and tissue damage due to immune complex deposition?
Which type of hypersensitivity causes inflammation and tissue damage due to immune complex deposition?
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What type of immunity provides short-term protection through the transfer of antibodies?
What type of immunity provides short-term protection through the transfer of antibodies?
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What is one of the key laboratory values to assess before initiating antibiotics for a septic patient?
What is one of the key laboratory values to assess before initiating antibiotics for a septic patient?
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Which infection is known to be resistant to hand sanitizer and requires soap and water for proper hygiene?
Which infection is known to be resistant to hand sanitizer and requires soap and water for proper hygiene?
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Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to which consequence in microbial populations?
Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to which consequence in microbial populations?
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Which condition is defined as a serious bloodstream infection where bacteria spread throughout the body?
Which condition is defined as a serious bloodstream infection where bacteria spread throughout the body?
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In the context of sepsis, which of the following values would typically be low?
In the context of sepsis, which of the following values would typically be low?
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What is the expected probability of a child inheriting elevated cholesterol if one parent is heterozygous (Hh) and the other is homozygous normal (hh)?
What is the expected probability of a child inheriting elevated cholesterol if one parent is heterozygous (Hh) and the other is homozygous normal (hh)?
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In the Punnett square for cystic fibrosis, what is the probability of a child inheriting the condition if one parent is heterozygous (Cf) and the other is homozygous normal (CC)?
In the Punnett square for cystic fibrosis, what is the probability of a child inheriting the condition if one parent is heterozygous (Cf) and the other is homozygous normal (CC)?
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What is the genotype of Child 3 in the brown and blue eye color Punnett square where one parent is heterozygous (Bb) and the other is homozygous blue (bb)?
What is the genotype of Child 3 in the brown and blue eye color Punnett square where one parent is heterozygous (Bb) and the other is homozygous blue (bb)?
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What type of feedback mechanism is characterized by the body enhancing the original response to promote a change, such as in childbirth?
What type of feedback mechanism is characterized by the body enhancing the original response to promote a change, such as in childbirth?
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Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the locus?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the locus?
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In the context of inflammation, what is the function of neutrophils?
In the context of inflammation, what is the function of neutrophils?
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What is the term for cell death that occurs as a result of structural or physiological damage?
What is the term for cell death that occurs as a result of structural or physiological damage?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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What feature of inflammation helps prevent infection from spreading?
What feature of inflammation helps prevent infection from spreading?
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Which immunoglobulin is known for playing a central role in allergic responses?
Which immunoglobulin is known for playing a central role in allergic responses?
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Which stage of immunity is characterized by immunological memory for long-term protection?
Which stage of immunity is characterized by immunological memory for long-term protection?
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Study Notes
Mendelian Genetics Review
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Genotype Definitions:
- Homozygous Dominant (AA): Both alleles are dominant.
- Heterozygous (Aa): One dominant and one recessive allele.
- Homozygous Recessive (aa): Both alleles are recessive.
- Punnett Square: Predicts offspring genotypes based on parental alleles.
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Example Autosomal Recessive Disorder:
- Normal allele: A (dominant)
- Disorder allele: a (recessive)
- Parents: Heterozygous Aa (XY) and Aa (XX)
- Genotype Ratio: AA (1/4), Aa (2/4), aa (1/4)
- Phenotype Ratio: Normal (75%), Affected (25%)
General Genetic Concepts
- Phenotype: Observable traits.
- Genotype: Organism's genetic information.
- Locus: Gene's location on a chromosome.
- Translocation: Two different chromosomes break and reconnect abnormally.
- Disjunction/Nondisjunction: Normal/abnormal chromosome separation during cell division.
- Mosaicism: Mixture of cells, some with chromosomal aberrations, some normal.
- Allele: Variation of a gene affecting a trait (e.g., hair color).
- Multifactorial Disorders: Caused by both genetics and environment.
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Environmental Factors Contributing to Multifactorial Disorders:
- Maternal age
- Chemical exposure
- Maternal infections
- Radiation exposure
- Maternal nutrition
- Maternal/paternal health
- High altitude
- Maternal-fetal blood incompatibility
- Maternal smoking
- Poor prenatal care
- X-linked recessive genes: More prevalent in males.
Complex Inheritance
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Co-dominance/Incomplete Dominance:
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Hypercholesterolemia (Problem 1):
- Possible genotypes (Hh, hh) result in 50% probability of elevated cholesterol.
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Cystic Fibrosis (Problem 2):
- 0% chance of child inheriting cystic fibrosis with one parent having the normal dominant CC genotype.
- Eye Color (Problem 3): Calculate the expected phenotypic ratios for each child.
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Hypercholesterolemia (Problem 1):
Cell Structure and Function
- Cellular Adaptation/Homeostasis: The body maintains a balanced internal state.
- Negative Feedback: Body returns to its original state (e.g., blood glucose regulation).
- Positive Feedback: Body enhances the initial response (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
- Necrosis: Cell death from structural/physiological damage.
- Matching Cell Structures with Functions: See answer key
Immune System
- Innate Immunity: First barrier is skin and microbiota. Second stage: inflammation.
- Inflammation: Increases vascular permeability, dilates vessels, brings phagocytes.
- Features of Inflammation: Redness, fever, pain, heat, swelling.
- Corticosteroids: Decrease inflammation.
- Matching Cells Used in Inflammation with Functions: See answer key.
- Adaptive Immunity: Eliminates pathogens and infected cells, provides immunological memory.
- Adaptive Immunity Cells: T cells (cell-mediated), B cells (antibody production).
- MHC II: Encapsulated antigen presentation to T cells.
- Matching Antibodies with Functions: See answer key.
- Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type I-IV): See specifics in the answer key.
- Passive Immunity: Short-term immunity from antibodies or activated T cells from an immune individual.
Sepsis and Infection
- Sepsis: Serious bloodstream infection (bacteria spreading).
- Laboratory Value Prior to Antibiotic Use: Blood culture
- Resistant Infection: C. diff
- Sepsis-Contributing Factor: Increased antibiotic usage leading to microbiome disruption.
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Impact of Sepsis on Vital Signs:
- Heart rate: High
- Blood pressure: Low
- Oxygen saturation: Low
- Respirations: High
- Temperature: High
- Post-Op Sepsis Prevention: Proper antibiotic use, handwashing, and report signs of infection to healthcare professionals.
- Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: See answer key
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Description
This quiz focuses on concepts of Mendelian genetics, including genotype definitions and the use of Punnett squares to predict offspring traits. You'll explore key genetic concepts such as phenotype, genotype, and chromosomal behavior. Test your understanding of heredity and inheritance patterns.
