Mendelian Genetics Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant organism?

  • AB
  • AA (correct)
  • Aa
  • aa

In a Punnett Square involving two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa), what is the expected phenotype ratio of the offspring?

  • 3:1 (correct)
  • 2:2
  • 1:3
  • 1:2:1

What does the term 'allele' refer to in genetics?

  • Different versions of a gene (correct)
  • The physical location of a gene on a chromosome
  • The entire genetic composition of an organism
  • The observable traits of an organism

If nondisjunction occurs, what is the potential outcome for the resulting cells?

<p>A mixture of normal and abnormal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about X-linked recessive traits is correct?

<p>They are more prevalent in males than females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during co-dominance in genetics?

<p>Both traits are expressed simultaneously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'phenotype' is best defined as:

<p>The observable traits of an organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the physical location of a gene on a chromosome?

<p>Locus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized as cell-mediated and causes delayed contact dermatitis?

<p>Type IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated and typically results in immediate allergic reactions?

<p>Type I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity involves antibody-mediated reactions targeting cell surface antigens?

<p>Type II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity causes inflammation and tissue damage due to immune complex deposition?

<p>Type III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity provides short-term protection through the transfer of antibodies?

<p>Passive immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key laboratory values to assess before initiating antibiotics for a septic patient?

<p>Blood culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infection is known to be resistant to hand sanitizer and requires soap and water for proper hygiene?

<p>C.Diff (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to which consequence in microbial populations?

<p>Antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is defined as a serious bloodstream infection where bacteria spread throughout the body?

<p>Sepsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sepsis, which of the following values would typically be low?

<p>Blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected probability of a child inheriting elevated cholesterol if one parent is heterozygous (Hh) and the other is homozygous normal (hh)?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Punnett square for cystic fibrosis, what is the probability of a child inheriting the condition if one parent is heterozygous (Cf) and the other is homozygous normal (CC)?

<p>0% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of Child 3 in the brown and blue eye color Punnett square where one parent is heterozygous (Bb) and the other is homozygous blue (bb)?

<p>bb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanism is characterized by the body enhancing the original response to promote a change, such as in childbirth?

<p>Positive feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?

<p>Engulf and digest pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the locus?

<p>It refers to a specific point on a chromosome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of inflammation, what is the function of neutrophils?

<p>First responders to bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cell death that occurs as a result of structural or physiological damage?

<p>Necrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

<p>Packages and processes proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of inflammation helps prevent infection from spreading?

<p>Vascular permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is known for playing a central role in allergic responses?

<p>IgE (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of immunity is characterized by immunological memory for long-term protection?

<p>Adaptive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homozygous

Both alleles for a trait are the same.

Heterozygous

Both alleles for a trait are different.

Punnett Square

A chart that predicts the possible genotypes of offspring based on parental alleles.

Phenotype

The physical characteristics of an organism, determined by the genotype.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, including all the alleles.

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Locus

The location of a gene on a chromosome.

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Allele

A variation of a gene and the trait it controls.

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Disjunction

The normal separation of chromosomes during cell division.

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Homeostasis

A state of balance or regulation within the body, achieved through cellular adaptation or physiological mechanisms.

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Negative Feedback

A feedback loop where the body's response to a change counteracts the original change, bringing it back to its set point.

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Positive Feedback

A feedback loop where the body's response to a change amplifies the original change.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a normal process of controlled cell suicide.

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Necrosis

A type of cell death that occurs due to injury or disease, where the cell swells and bursts.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

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Ribosome

The site of protein synthesis in the cell.

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Golgi Apparatus

A cell organelle responsible for processing and packaging proteins for delivery.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing the genetic information (DNA).

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A type of endoplasmic reticulum responsible for synthesizing steroid hormones and folding proteins.

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Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport proteins and other molecules within the cell.

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Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are responsible for breaking down waste products.

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Skin Barrier

The skin and other protective mechanisms like microbiota that form the first line of defense against pathogens.

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Inflammation

A process that occurs at the site of injury to prevent infection, involving inflammation and the recruitment of immune cells.

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Adaptive Immunity

The third line of defense against pathogens, involving specific immune responses and the creation of immunological memory.

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Type I hypersensitivity

A type of immune reaction where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, often because of an overactive response to a foreign antigen. It can be immediate (minutes) and involve IgE antibodies, or delayed (24-72 hours) and involve T cells.

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Type II hypersensitivity

A hypersensitivity reaction where the body's immune system attacks its own cells, leading to destruction of those cells. Mediated by antibodies like IgG and IgM, it occurs within hours to days.

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Type III hypersensitivity

A hypersensitivity reaction involving immune complexes made up of antibodies and antigens. These complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation and tissue damage. This happens within hours to days.

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Type IV hypersensitivity

A type of hypersensitivity reaction that is cell-mediated, delayed (24-72 hours), and involves T cells. It's responsible for contact dermatitis and chronic conditions.

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Passive immunity

A temporary immunity provided to an individual by transferring antibodies or activated T cells from a immune individual. This provides immediate resistance to infection without the individual's immune system developing a response.

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Septicemia

A serious bloodstream infection where bacteria enters the body and spreads throughout. It can cause severe complications and even death.

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C. diff

An infection that is resistant to hand sanitizer and requires handwashing to prevent its spread.

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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A bacterial infection that is resistant to multiple drugs, making it difficult to treat. Common examples include MRSA, VRE, and MDR-TB.

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Secondary infection

An infection that occurs after the healthy bacteria in the body are killed by antibiotics, leaving the body vulnerable to other infections.

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Blood Culture

A blood test used to determine the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, a key indicator of sepsis.

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Study Notes

Mendelian Genetics Review

  • Genotype Definitions:
    • Homozygous Dominant (AA): Both alleles are dominant.
    • Heterozygous (Aa): One dominant and one recessive allele.
    • Homozygous Recessive (aa): Both alleles are recessive.
  • Punnett Square: Predicts offspring genotypes based on parental alleles.
  • Example Autosomal Recessive Disorder:
    • Normal allele: A (dominant)
    • Disorder allele: a (recessive)
    • Parents: Heterozygous Aa (XY) and Aa (XX)
    • Genotype Ratio: AA (1/4), Aa (2/4), aa (1/4)
    • Phenotype Ratio: Normal (75%), Affected (25%)

General Genetic Concepts

  • Phenotype: Observable traits.
  • Genotype: Organism's genetic information.
  • Locus: Gene's location on a chromosome.
  • Translocation: Two different chromosomes break and reconnect abnormally.
  • Disjunction/Nondisjunction: Normal/abnormal chromosome separation during cell division.
  • Mosaicism: Mixture of cells, some with chromosomal aberrations, some normal.
  • Allele: Variation of a gene affecting a trait (e.g., hair color).
  • Multifactorial Disorders: Caused by both genetics and environment.
  • Environmental Factors Contributing to Multifactorial Disorders:
    • Maternal age
    • Chemical exposure
    • Maternal infections
    • Radiation exposure
    • Maternal nutrition
    • Maternal/paternal health
    • High altitude
    • Maternal-fetal blood incompatibility
    • Maternal smoking
    • Poor prenatal care
  • X-linked recessive genes: More prevalent in males.

Complex Inheritance

  • Co-dominance/Incomplete Dominance:
    • Hypercholesterolemia (Problem 1):
      • Possible genotypes (Hh, hh) result in 50% probability of elevated cholesterol.
    • Cystic Fibrosis (Problem 2):
      • 0% chance of child inheriting cystic fibrosis with one parent having the normal dominant CC genotype.
    • Eye Color (Problem 3): Calculate the expected phenotypic ratios for each child.

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cellular Adaptation/Homeostasis: The body maintains a balanced internal state.
  • Negative Feedback: Body returns to its original state (e.g., blood glucose regulation).
  • Positive Feedback: Body enhances the initial response (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).
  • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
  • Necrosis: Cell death from structural/physiological damage.
  • Matching Cell Structures with Functions: See answer key

Immune System

  • Innate Immunity: First barrier is skin and microbiota. Second stage: inflammation.
  • Inflammation: Increases vascular permeability, dilates vessels, brings phagocytes.
  • Features of Inflammation: Redness, fever, pain, heat, swelling.
  • Corticosteroids: Decrease inflammation.
  • Matching Cells Used in Inflammation with Functions: See answer key.
  • Adaptive Immunity: Eliminates pathogens and infected cells, provides immunological memory.
  • Adaptive Immunity Cells: T cells (cell-mediated), B cells (antibody production).
  • MHC II: Encapsulated antigen presentation to T cells.
  • Matching Antibodies with Functions: See answer key.
  • Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions (Type I-IV): See specifics in the answer key.
  • Passive Immunity: Short-term immunity from antibodies or activated T cells from an immune individual.

Sepsis and Infection

  • Sepsis: Serious bloodstream infection (bacteria spreading).
  • Laboratory Value Prior to Antibiotic Use: Blood culture
  • Resistant Infection: C. diff
  • Sepsis-Contributing Factor: Increased antibiotic usage leading to microbiome disruption.
  • Impact of Sepsis on Vital Signs:
    • Heart rate: High
    • Blood pressure: Low
    • Oxygen saturation: Low
    • Respirations: High
    • Temperature: High
  • Post-Op Sepsis Prevention: Proper antibiotic use, handwashing, and report signs of infection to healthcare professionals.
  • Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: See answer key

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Description

This quiz focuses on concepts of Mendelian genetics, including genotype definitions and the use of Punnett squares to predict offspring traits. You'll explore key genetic concepts such as phenotype, genotype, and chromosomal behavior. Test your understanding of heredity and inheritance patterns.

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