Mendelian Genetics Quiz

Genetics

Mendelian Genetics

• Laws of Inheritance:
  1. Law of Segregation: Each pair of alleles separates during gamete formation.
  2. Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles for different genes are sorted independently.
  3. Law of Dominance: One allele can be dominant over another allele.

Inheritance Patterns

• Autosomal Traits: Traits influenced by genes on non-sex chromosomes.
• Sex-Linked Traits: Traits influenced by genes on sex chromosomes.
• Polygenic Traits: Traits influenced by multiple genes.
• Epistasis: Interaction between genes affecting a single trait.

DNA Structure and Replication

• Double Helix Model: Two complementary strands of nucleotides twisted together.
• DNA Replication:
  1. Unwinding: Helicase unwinds the double helix.
  2. Unzipping: Topoisomerase relaxes the double helix.
  3. Synthesis: Primase adds RNA primers, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides.

Gene Expression

• Transcription:
  1. Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to promoter region.
  2. Elongation: RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to RNA transcript.
  3. Termination: RNA polymerase releases RNA transcript.
• Translation:
  1. Initiation: Ribosome binds to mRNA, tRNA brings amino acid.
  2. Elongation: Amino acids added to polypeptide chain.
  3. Termination: Stop codon signals protein synthesis completion.

Genetic Variation and Mutation

• Point Mutations: Single nucleotide changes in DNA sequence.
• Frameshift Mutations: Insertions or deletions leading to altered reading frame.
• Gene Duplication: Duplication of a gene, potentially leading to new functions.

Biotechnology and Genomics

• Recombinant DNA Technology: Combining DNA from different sources.
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifying specific DNA sequences.
• Genomic Analysis: Studying entire genomes to understand gene function and evolution.

Mendelian Genetics

• Laws of Inheritance:
  • Alleles separate during gamete formation (Law of Segregation)
  • Alleles for different genes are sorted independently (Law of Independent Assortment)
  • One allele can be dominant over another allele (Law of Dominance)

Inheritance Patterns

• Autosomal Traits: Traits influenced by genes on non-sex chromosomes
• Sex-Linked Traits: Traits influenced by genes on sex chromosomes
• Polygenic Traits: Traits influenced by multiple genes
• Epistasis: Interaction between genes affecting a single trait

DNA Structure and Replication

• Double Helix Model: Two complementary strands of nucleotides twisted together
• DNA Replication:
  • Helicase unwinds the double helix
  • Topoisomerase relaxes the double helix
  • Primase adds RNA primers, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides

Gene Expression

• Transcription:
  • RNA polymerase binds to promoter region (initiation)
  • RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to RNA transcript (elongation)
  • RNA polymerase releases RNA transcript (termination)
• Translation:
  • Ribosome binds to mRNA, tRNA brings amino acid (initiation)
  • Amino acids added to polypeptide chain (elongation)
  • Stop codon signals protein synthesis completion (termination)

Genetic Variation and Mutation

• Point Mutations: Single nucleotide changes in DNA sequence
• Frameshift Mutations: Insertions or deletions leading to altered reading frame
• Gene Duplication: Duplication of a gene, potentially leading to new functions

Biotechnology and Genomics

• Recombinant DNA Technology: Combining DNA from different sources
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifying specific DNA sequences
• Genomic Analysis: Studying entire genomes to understand gene function and evolution