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What is the probability that F2 offspring will have an aabbccdd genotype from F1 individuals AaBbCcDd?
What is the probability that F2 offspring will have an aabbccdd genotype from F1 individuals AaBbCcDd?
The genotype AaBbCcDd indicates that all alleles are heterozygous.
The genotype AaBbCcDd indicates that all alleles are heterozygous.
False
What is the probability of obtaining an A allele in the genotype Aa?
What is the probability of obtaining an A allele in the genotype Aa?
0.5
In a tetrahybrid cross, the probability of obtaining the genotype AABBCCDD is ________.
In a tetrahybrid cross, the probability of obtaining the genotype AABBCCDD is ________.
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Match the genotypes with their probabilities:
Match the genotypes with their probabilities:
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What is the overall probability of getting at least one dominant A allele in the offspring from AaBbCcDd?
What is the overall probability of getting at least one dominant A allele in the offspring from AaBbCcDd?
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In the genotype AaBbCcDd, allele independence is assumed when calculating probabilities.
In the genotype AaBbCcDd, allele independence is assumed when calculating probabilities.
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How is the probability of obtaining the genotype aa calculated from Aa?
How is the probability of obtaining the genotype aa calculated from Aa?
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What carbohydrate does the enzyme encoded by the IA allele add?
What carbohydrate does the enzyme encoded by the IA allele add?
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The i allele adds both A and B carbohydrates.
The i allele adds both A and B carbohydrates.
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What is the genotype for blood group O?
What is the genotype for blood group O?
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Sickle cell anemia is an example of a condition that demonstrates __________.
Sickle cell anemia is an example of a condition that demonstrates __________.
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Which blood group genotype results in AB blood type?
Which blood group genotype results in AB blood type?
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Match the following blood group genotypes with their corresponding phenotypes:
Match the following blood group genotypes with their corresponding phenotypes:
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Pleiotropic alleles can only affect a single trait.
Pleiotropic alleles can only affect a single trait.
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Name one trait determined by more than one gene.
Name one trait determined by more than one gene.
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What is epistasis?
What is epistasis?
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In Labrador retrievers, coat color is determined by a single gene.
In Labrador retrievers, coat color is determined by a single gene.
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Name the two genes that affect coat color in Labrador retrievers.
Name the two genes that affect coat color in Labrador retrievers.
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In epistasis, a gene at one locus alters the ___________ expression of a gene at a second locus.
In epistasis, a gene at one locus alters the ___________ expression of a gene at a second locus.
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Match the gene alleles with their corresponding traits in Labrador retrievers:
Match the gene alleles with their corresponding traits in Labrador retrievers:
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What is polygenic inheritance?
What is polygenic inheritance?
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The BbEe genotype can produce offspring with different coat colors.
The BbEe genotype can produce offspring with different coat colors.
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Labrador coat color follows a phenotypic ratio of __________ in offspring.
Labrador coat color follows a phenotypic ratio of __________ in offspring.
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What does the law of independent assortment state?
What does the law of independent assortment state?
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Which of the following accurately describes mutually exclusive events?
Which of the following accurately describes mutually exclusive events?
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Mendel's law of segregation is derived from dihybrid crosses.
Mendel's law of segregation is derived from dihybrid crosses.
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Independent events occur when the occurrence of one event affects the occurrence of another event.
Independent events occur when the occurrence of one event affects the occurrence of another event.
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What are the offspring called when a monohybrid cross is performed?
What are the offspring called when a monohybrid cross is performed?
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What rule applies to calculate the probability of any one of two or more exclusive events occurring?
What rule applies to calculate the probability of any one of two or more exclusive events occurring?
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The phenotypic ratio from the dihybrid cross results in a _____ ratio of 9:3:3:1.
The phenotypic ratio from the dihybrid cross results in a _____ ratio of 9:3:3:1.
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Mendel's dihybrid cross results in offspring that are heterozygous for both characters, referred to as ______.
Mendel's dihybrid cross results in offspring that are heterozygous for both characters, referred to as ______.
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Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What ratio represents the phenotypic ratio from Mendel's dihybrid cross?
What ratio represents the phenotypic ratio from Mendel's dihybrid cross?
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What is the probability of obtaining the genotype YYRR from a cross of YyRr x YyRr?
What is the probability of obtaining the genotype YYRR from a cross of YyRr x YyRr?
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Genes located near each other on the same chromosome are likely to assort independently during gamete formation.
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome are likely to assort independently during gamete formation.
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In a dihybrid cross, the probability of obtaining homozygous offspring is higher than obtaining heterozygous offspring.
In a dihybrid cross, the probability of obtaining homozygous offspring is higher than obtaining heterozygous offspring.
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What is a key factor that affects the segregation of alleles according to Mendel's laws?
What is a key factor that affects the segregation of alleles according to Mendel's laws?
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What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals?
What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals?
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In calculating probabilities for multiple characters, each character is considered separately and the individual probabilities are _______.
In calculating probabilities for multiple characters, each character is considered separately and the individual probabilities are _______.
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The probability that two independent events will occur together is determined by the ______ rule.
The probability that two independent events will occur together is determined by the ______ rule.
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Match the following terms to the correct probabilities for the offspring:
Match the following terms to the correct probabilities for the offspring:
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In a monohybrid cross involving a heterozygous plant, what is the probability of obtaining a recessive phenotype?
In a monohybrid cross involving a heterozygous plant, what is the probability of obtaining a recessive phenotype?
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Mendel’s law of independent assortment applies strictly to genes on different chromosomes.
Mendel’s law of independent assortment applies strictly to genes on different chromosomes.
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If two events are independent, what can be said about their probabilities?
If two events are independent, what can be said about their probabilities?
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The rule of addition can be applied to independent events.
The rule of addition can be applied to independent events.
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How does the principle of independent assortment affect offspring?
How does the principle of independent assortment affect offspring?
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A cross between true-breeding parents differing in two characters results in ______ generation.
A cross between true-breeding parents differing in two characters results in ______ generation.
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In a genetic cross, what does a phenotype of 3:1 typically signify?
In a genetic cross, what does a phenotype of 3:1 typically signify?
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Match the following phenotypic ratios with the corresponding cross type:
Match the following phenotypic ratios with the corresponding cross type:
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What is the expected offspring genotype from the cross AABBCC x aabbcc?
What is the expected offspring genotype from the cross AABBCC x aabbcc?
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All offspring produced by the cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc will have the genotype AaBbCc.
All offspring produced by the cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc will have the genotype AaBbCc.
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What term describes when both dominant alleles in a genotype are expressed separately?
What term describes when both dominant alleles in a genotype are expressed separately?
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The offspring phenotype results from the alleles inherited from the ______ generation.
The offspring phenotype results from the alleles inherited from the ______ generation.
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Match the following types of inheritance with their descriptions:
Match the following types of inheritance with their descriptions:
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What ratio represents the probability of producing aaBbCC from the cross aaBbCC x AABbcc?
What ratio represents the probability of producing aaBbCC from the cross aaBbCC x AABbcc?
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Dominant alleles are always more prevalent in a population than recessive alleles.
Dominant alleles are always more prevalent in a population than recessive alleles.
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Name one example of a trait determined by multiple alleles.
Name one example of a trait determined by multiple alleles.
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In the F1 generation of snapdragons, the phenotype is ______ due to incomplete dominance.
In the F1 generation of snapdragons, the phenotype is ______ due to incomplete dominance.
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Match each type of dominance with its characteristic:
Match each type of dominance with its characteristic:
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What is the probability of the genotype AABbcc arising from the cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc?
What is the probability of the genotype AABbcc arising from the cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc?
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Traits controlled by one gene usually exhibit simple Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Traits controlled by one gene usually exhibit simple Mendelian inheritance patterns.
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What is the resulting ratio of aa x bb x cc?
What is the resulting ratio of aa x bb x cc?
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Dominant traits can still be less common in the population due to the ______ of the recessive allele.
Dominant traits can still be less common in the population due to the ______ of the recessive allele.
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Match the following terms related to genetic inheritance:
Match the following terms related to genetic inheritance:
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Study Notes
Mendelian Genetics
- Mendel's laws, segregation and independent assortment, reflect probabilistic rules
- Outcome of one coin toss doesn't affect the outcome of the next
- Gene alleles segregate independently into gametes
- Crossing two heterozygotes (monohybrid cross) follows probability rules
Law of Independent Assortment
- Mendel determined this law by following two characters simultaneously
- True-breeding parents differing in two characters create dihybrids
- Dihybrid crosses, crosses between F₁ dihybrids, determine if traits are packaged together or inherited independently
- Independent assortment applies only to genes on different, non-homologous chromosomes, or far apart on the same chromosome
- Genes near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
The Law of Segregation
- Mendel derived the law of segregation through observing the inheritance of one single character
- F₁ offspring resulting from this single-character cross are monohybrids, meaning that they are heterozygous for one character.
- A cross between such heterozygotes is called a monohybrid cross
- Monohybrid crosses are useful for understanding probability in inheritance patterns
Rules of Probability
- Multiplication rule: Probability of multiple independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.
- Addition rule: Probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
Applying Probability to Monohybrid Crosses
- The multiplication rule determines the probability of specific genotype combinations from F₁ monohybrid crosses.
- Segregation in F₁ heterozygotes is like flipping a coin; it has an equal chance for dominant or recessive allele.
Exclusive vs. Independent Events
- Mutually exclusive events cannot occur at the same time.
- Independent events' occurrence of one does not affect the other.
Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of Probability
- Multiplication and addition rules predict outcomes of crosses involving multiple characters.
- Dihybrid cross and other complex crosses are equivalent to multiple independent monohybrid crosses.
- Probabilities of genotypes are calculated by considering each character separately then multiplying the individual probabilities together.
Extentions of Mendelian Genetics for Single Gene
- Inheritance patterns may differ in situations such as incomplete dominance, codominance, when alleles are not fully dominant/recessive or a gene creates multiple phenotypes.
Degrees of Dominance
- Complete dominance: Phenotype of heterozygote same as dominant homzygote
- Incomplete dominance: Hybrid phenotype is somewhere between parental phenotypes
- Codominance: Two dominant alleles affect phenotype separately.
Frequency of Dominant Alleles
- Dominant alleles are not necessarily more common in populations
- Recessive alleles can be more prevalent then dominant alleles in the population
Multiple Alleles (e.g., ABO Blood Groups)
- Most genes are determined by more than two alleles.
- The ABO blood groups are determined by three different alleles for an enzyme.
Pleiotropy
- Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects (property called pleiotropy).
- Pleiotropy is illustrated in hereditary diseases like sickle-cell disease and cystic fibrosis.
Epistasis
- A gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at another locus (epistasis)
- An example is Labrador retrievers, where one gene determines pigment color, and another gene determines if the pigment is deposited in the hair.
Polygenic Inheritance
- Some traits are determined by two or more genes.
- Polygenic inheritance is exemplified by traits like human skin color and height, which are influenced by multiple genes.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of Mendelian genetics, including the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. This quiz covers important principles such as monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, as well as the probabilistic nature of gene inheritance. Test your understanding of how traits are passed on through generations.
