Podcast
Questions and Answers
The ______ Experiment was pivotal in understanding DNA structure.
The ______ Experiment was pivotal in understanding DNA structure.
Hershey-Chase
Chargaff's rules highlight the equal amounts of ______ and thymine in DNA.
Chargaff's rules highlight the equal amounts of ______ and thymine in DNA.
adenine
Rosalind Franklin used ______ diffraction to study DNA.
Rosalind Franklin used ______ diffraction to study DNA.
X-ray
The Watson-Crick model of DNA describes its structure as a ______ helix.
The Watson-Crick model of DNA describes its structure as a ______ helix.
Avery's experiment was a significant step in confirming that ______ is the material of heredity.
Avery's experiment was a significant step in confirming that ______ is the material of heredity.
Flashcards
Chargaff's Rules
Chargaff's Rules
The rule that states that in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) always equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) always equals the amount of cytosine (C).
Hershey-Chase Blender Experiment
Hershey-Chase Blender Experiment
An experiment that used radioactive isotopes to label the DNA and protein components of viruses to determine which component enters the bacteria during infection. The results showed that DNA was the genetic material.
Double Helix
Double Helix
The structure of DNA, proposed by Watson and Crick, which resembles a twisted ladder, with two strands of nucleotides running in opposite directions and held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.
Rosalind Franklin's X-ray Diffraction
Rosalind Franklin's X-ray Diffraction
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Nucleotide
Nucleotide
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Study Notes
Gregor Mendel and Heredity
- Gregor Mendel established the fundamental principles of heredity.
Avery's DNA Experiment
- In 1944, Oswald Avery duplicated Frederick Griffith's experiment.
- Their goal was to identify the molecule in heat-killed bacteria responsible for transferring genetic information (transformation).
Chargaff's Rules
- Erwin Chargaff's research revealed that each species has a unique DNA nucleotide percentage.
- Within a species, the amounts of adenine and thymine nucleotides are equal, and the amounts of guanine and cytosine nucleotides are equal.
Hershey-Chase Blender Experiment
- Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used a blender to identify DNA as genetic material.
- They used bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria), specifically T2.
Rosalind Franklin's X-Ray Diffraction
- Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to study DNA structure.
- She found two forms of DNA: Type A (dry) and Type B (wet).
- Photo 51 was a key X-ray diffraction image taken in 1952.
Watson-Crick DNA Model
- Watson and Crick published the first model describing DNA's double helix structure.
- Their model illustrated DNA's double-stranded nature.
- They identified key features of this model: Turning clockwise, antiparallel backbones, and nitrogenous bases positioned inside the helix.
- The distance between bases in the helix is 3.4 angstroms.
Additional DNA Structure Details
- Adenine pairs with thymine using two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine using three.
- There are 10 bases for every 360-degree turn.
- A complete turn has 34 angstrom units.
- The double helix has a 20-angstrom diameter.
- DNA replication is semiconservative.
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