Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what gestational age does habituation to novel stimuli begin in utero?
At what gestational age does habituation to novel stimuli begin in utero?
Which age group shows a short-term memory span of 6 items?
Which age group shows a short-term memory span of 6 items?
What memory strategy becomes more sophisticated as children grow older?
What memory strategy becomes more sophisticated as children grow older?
What is the primary reason why certain memories are more likely to be distorted by misinformation?
What is the primary reason why certain memories are more likely to be distorted by misinformation?
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What is the concept that involves forgetting threatening or upsetting information?
What is the concept that involves forgetting threatening or upsetting information?
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What significant challenge does the repression theory present in psychology?
What significant challenge does the repression theory present in psychology?
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Which term describes the distortion of a memory due to misleading information after the event?
Which term describes the distortion of a memory due to misleading information after the event?
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What increasingly accurate skill helps individuals assess when memory retrieval requires effort?
What increasingly accurate skill helps individuals assess when memory retrieval requires effort?
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What circumstances make eyewitness testimony less reliable?
What circumstances make eyewitness testimony less reliable?
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Which of the following describes confabulation?
Which of the following describes confabulation?
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What factors contribute to children's suggestibility during interviews?
What factors contribute to children's suggestibility during interviews?
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What is the difference between flashbulb memories and regular memories?
What is the difference between flashbulb memories and regular memories?
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What is source amnesia?
What is source amnesia?
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Under what conditions is confabulation most likely to occur?
Under what conditions is confabulation most likely to occur?
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What is a key characteristic of memory as a reconstructive process?
What is a key characteristic of memory as a reconstructive process?
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Which of the following is most likely to lead to false memories?
Which of the following is most likely to lead to false memories?
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What describes the concept of the Method of Loci?
What describes the concept of the Method of Loci?
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What is one expected consequence of using schemas in memory?
What is one expected consequence of using schemas in memory?
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What phenomenon describes the experience of knowing something but being unable to retrieve it?
What phenomenon describes the experience of knowing something but being unable to retrieve it?
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What does state-dependent memory illustrate?
What does state-dependent memory illustrate?
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What did Donald Hebb propose about the engram?
What did Donald Hebb propose about the engram?
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What is the main feature of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the main feature of long-term potentiation (LTP)?
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What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories?
What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories?
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What is a significant aspect of infantile amnesia?
What is a significant aspect of infantile amnesia?
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What does encoding specificity refer to?
What does encoding specificity refer to?
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What is a commonly accepted age by which memories start to form?
What is a commonly accepted age by which memories start to form?
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What is the duration of iconic memory in sensory memory?
What is the duration of iconic memory in sensory memory?
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Which of the following describes the process of pattern recognition in memory?
Which of the following describes the process of pattern recognition in memory?
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What is the typical duration of information retention in short-term memory?
What is the typical duration of information retention in short-term memory?
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What is the term for the gradual loss of information from short-term memory?
What is the term for the gradual loss of information from short-term memory?
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Which effect refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list?
Which effect refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list?
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What describes the process of elaborative rehearsal?
What describes the process of elaborative rehearsal?
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Which statement about long-term memory is accurate?
Which statement about long-term memory is accurate?
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What mnemonic technique involves associating words with numbers?
What mnemonic technique involves associating words with numbers?
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In the context of short-term memory, what does interference refer to?
In the context of short-term memory, what does interference refer to?
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What are the key processes involved in memory?
What are the key processes involved in memory?
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Study Notes
Memory Systems
- Sensory memory is a system that holds extremely accurate sensory images momentarily
- Sensory information is held in the sensory register and is specific to the sense (e.g., iconic for vision, echoic for hearing)
- Information not quickly transferred to short-term memory is lost permanently
- Iconic memory - Visual information ; lasts 1 second
- Echoic memory - Auditory information ; lasts 5-10 seconds
Short-Term Memory
- Limited capacity memory system capable of holding a limited amount (7+/-2 chunks) of information for a short duration
- Crucial for temporary storage of information retrieved from long-term memory
- Duration is 5-20 seconds
- Subject to loss through decay (gradual fading of information) and interference (other memories disrupting current ones)
- Retroactive interference (new memories hinder retrieval of old ones)
- Proactive interference (old memories hinder retrieval of new ones)
Short-Term/Working Memory
- Chunking—combining individual items into larger units
- Rehearsal (maintenance) is repeating information to retain it
- Rehearsal (elaborative)—making information meaningful
Long-Term Memory
- Vast capacity and virtually unlimited
- Long duration (lasting decades or a lifetime)
- Primacy effect—tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list more readily
- Recency effect—tendency to remember items at the end of a list better
- Von Restorff effect—distinctive items are more easily recalled
- Depth of processing—more meaningful information is better remembered (visual, phonological, semantic processing)
Long-Term Memory Processes
- Encoding — processing and transforming information so it can be stored.
- Storage—maintaining information over time.
- Retrieval—recovering information from storage.
Mnemonics
- Memory aids (strategies)
- PEGWORD, METHOD OF LOCI, and KEYWORD are mnemonics for remembering lists.
Long-Term Memory: Schemas
- Organized mental models used to interpret new situations
- Expectations influence memory
- Schemas can distort memory
Measuring Memory
- Recall: generating information previously remembered.
- Recognition: selecting information from a set of options.
- Relearning: how quickly information is relearned.
Savings Curve
- Shows how much more quickly information is reacquired when it has been learned previously.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) Phenomenon
- Feeling that information is known but cannot be retrieved
Encoding Specificity
- Memory is enhanced when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions (e.g., context, state)
Biology of Memory
- Karl Lashley's research on engrams (memory traces) suggested location is not crucial.
- Donald Hebb proposed that memory is stored in assemblies of interconnected neurons; neurons that fire together, wire together.
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) strengthens connections between neurons through repeated stimulation, which is important for forming and strengthening memories.
- Glutamate plays a role in LTP.
- Specific brain areas are involved in different aspects of memory (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala, cortex)
Types of Amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia: Loss of past memories.
- Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
- Infantile amnesia: Lack of memories from early childhood
Memory Development
- Memory span increases with age due to biological maturation, improved conceptual understanding, and enhanced metamemory skills
- Children use more memory strategies as they grow (repetition, mnemonics)
The Misinformation Effect
- Distortion of memory due to misleading post-event information.
Implanted Memories
- False memories can be implanted through suggestive questioning.
- More easily implanted for plausible events and distant past events
The Recovered Memory Controversy
- The accuracy of recovered memories (e.g., child sexual abuse) may be questionable due to suggestive techniques.
How Accurate is Memory
- Eyewitness testimony is not always reliable due to distortions (e.g., leading questions, cross-race identification)
- Children's testimony is also susceptible to distortions, especially at younger ages and with suggestive questioning.
The Manufacture of Memory
- Memory is reconstructive, not a perfect recording.
Source Monitoring
- Difficulty distinguishing the origins of events or memories.
Confabulation
- Confusion of events that happened to someone else with personal experiences and/or a belief that a particular event was experienced when it did not occur.
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Description
Explore the different types of memory systems in this quiz, focusing on sensory memory and short-term memory. You'll learn about iconic and echoic memory, and how information is processed and lost over time. Test your understanding of concepts like chunking and interference effects.
