Memory Systems and Short-Term Memory
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Questions and Answers

At what gestational age does habituation to novel stimuli begin in utero?

  • 32 weeks (correct)
  • 28 weeks
  • 34 weeks
  • 30 weeks

Which age group shows a short-term memory span of 6 items?

  • 12 years
  • 6 years
  • 3 years
  • 9 years (correct)

What memory strategy becomes more sophisticated as children grow older?

  • Narrative storytelling
  • Repetition and mnemonics (correct)
  • Visual imagery
  • Chunking and organization

What is the primary reason why certain memories are more likely to be distorted by misinformation?

<p>They are plausible events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept that involves forgetting threatening or upsetting information?

<p>Repression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge does the repression theory present in psychology?

<p>It confuses repression with other memory loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the distortion of a memory due to misleading information after the event?

<p>Misinformation effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increasingly accurate skill helps individuals assess when memory retrieval requires effort?

<p>Meta-memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What circumstances make eyewitness testimony less reliable?

<p>The witness is of a different race than the individuals involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes confabulation?

<p>Mixing up an event that happened to someone else with your own experience (C), Remembering an event that never actually occurred (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to children's suggestibility during interviews?

<p>Children are exposed to other children's memories (A), The child is aware of the interviewer's expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between flashbulb memories and regular memories?

<p>Flashbulb memories create more confidence in their accuracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is source amnesia?

<p>Confusing where or how you learned a piece of information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions is confabulation most likely to occur?

<p>The event includes many details that are easy to visualize (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of memory as a reconstructive process?

<p>Memories are often altered by later experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most likely to lead to false memories?

<p>Being exposed to suggestive questioning techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the concept of the Method of Loci?

<p>Associating items with a specific physical location. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one expected consequence of using schemas in memory?

<p>Increased likelihood of memory distortions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the experience of knowing something but being unable to retrieve it?

<p>Tip of the tongue phenomenon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does state-dependent memory illustrate?

<p>Memory retrieval correlates with the same emotional state during learning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Donald Hebb propose about the engram?

<p>It involves assemblies of neurons that work together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of long-term potentiation (LTP)?

<p>Enhancement of connections among neurons due to repeated stimulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories?

<p>Anterograde amnesia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of infantile amnesia?

<p>The completion of hippocampal development by age 2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does encoding specificity refer to?

<p>Memory retrieval being dependent on the context during learning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly accepted age by which memories start to form?

<p>By age 2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of iconic memory in sensory memory?

<p>1 second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of pattern recognition in memory?

<p>Identifying a stimulus based on existing long-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of information retention in short-term memory?

<p>5 to 20 seconds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the gradual loss of information from short-term memory?

<p>Decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect refers to better recall of items at the beginning of a list?

<p>Primacy effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Linking information in a meaningful way (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about long-term memory is accurate?

<p>It has virtually unlimited capacity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic technique involves associating words with numbers?

<p>Pegword (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of short-term memory, what does interference refer to?

<p>Memories conflicting with one another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key processes involved in memory?

<p>Encoding, storage, and retrieval (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensory Memory

A memory system that briefly holds extremely accurate sensory information, like a snapshot.

Pattern Recognition

The process of identifying a stimulus based on existing knowledge in long-term memory, like recognizing a friend's face.

Short-term Memory

A limited capacity memory system that holds information for a short period (around 20 seconds), like remembering a phone number.

Decay in Short-term Memory

The gradual fading away of information from short-term memory, like forgetting a phone number after a few minutes.

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Interference in Short-term Memory

When one memory interferes with another, making it harder to recall, like confusing your new neighbor's address with your old one.

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Chunking

The process of grouping information into meaningful units to improve short-term memory capacity, like remembering a phone number by breaking it into sections.

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Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory, like saying a phone number over and over again.

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Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge in a meaningful way to improve memory, like linking a new word to something you already know.

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Depth of Processing

The ability to remember information that is processed more deeply and meaningfully, like remembering a story you found interesting rather than a list of words.

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Long-term Memory

A vast and long-lasting memory system that stores information like facts, events, and skills.

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Fetal Habituation

The ability of a fetus to become accustomed to a repeated stimulus, starting at 32 weeks of gestation.

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Infant Implicit Memory

The capacity of infants to learn and remember through operant conditioning, evident from 2 months of age.

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Short-Term Memory Span Development

The increasing ability of children to hold and process information in their short-term memory. It grows from a span of 3 items at 3 years old to 7 items by age 12.

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Misinformation Effect

The effect of misleading information introduced after an event on a person's memory of that event. This information can distort or alter the original memory.

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Implanting False Memories

The process of creating a false memory in a person's mind. It is more likely to occur for plausible events and events from the distant past.

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Recovered Memory Controversy

The debate surrounding the validity of recovered memories, particularly those of traumatic experiences like sexual abuse.

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Repression

A theory suggesting that traumatic memories are intentionally pushed into the unconscious mind to protect the individual from distress. It has been debated whether repression is a true phenomenon or just a way of forgetting.

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Questioning Recovered Memories

The need to be cautious about recovered memories, especially when considering the potential for false memories and the impact of repression on memory accuracy.

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Flashbulb Memory

A type of memory where you have a vivid recall of an event, often with intense emotions, but this doesn't mean it's very accurate.

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Source Amnesia

The inability to remember the original source of a memory, leading to confusion about whether an experience actually happened or was learned through someone else.

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Cryptomnesia

Unconsciously borrowing someone else's idea and thinking it's your own.

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Confabulation

A false memory that involves confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you or creating an entirely imagined event.

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Factors Leading to Confabulation

Suggestible questions, repeated questioning, and emotional pressure can lead to the creation or alteration of memories.

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Eyewitness Testimony

Eyewitness accounts can be unreliable due to factors like cross-race identification challenges, misleading questions, and the influence of time.

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Children's Testimony

Children are more susceptible to memory distortion due to their young age, influence from interviewer expectations, and accessibility to other children's memories.

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Memory as Reconstruction

Memory is not simply replaying a recorded event; it's an active process of reconstructing information based on various factors.

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Method of Loci

A memory aid that involves associating items to be remembered with a series of locations. For example, picturing each item placed in a room of your house.

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Pegword

A memory aid that involves linking items to be remembered with a set of keywords that are already associated with numbers.

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Schema

A mental structure that provides a frame of reference for interpreting new situations. It helps simplify information, but can also lead to distortions in memory.

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Recall

The ability to generate information that was learned previously.

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Recognition

The ability to identify information that was learned previously from a set of options.

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Relearning (Method of Savings)

The process of relearning something that was learned previously, which is often faster than the initial learning process.

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Tip of the Tongue phenomenon

The feeling of knowing something is in your memory but not being able to retrieve it.

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Encoding Specificity

The idea that memory is better when the conditions during retrieval match those during encoding. Retrieval conditions should mirror the learning conditions.

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State-Dependent Memory

A type of memory that is improved when the internal state (e.g., mood) during retrieval matches that during encoding. The mood during learning influences memory retrieval.

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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

The strengthening of connections between neurons in the brain due to simultaneous stimulation, which is thought to be the basis of long-term memory.

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Study Notes

Memory Systems

  • Sensory memory is a system that holds extremely accurate sensory images momentarily
  • Sensory information is held in the sensory register and is specific to the sense (e.g., iconic for vision, echoic for hearing)
  • Information not quickly transferred to short-term memory is lost permanently
  • Iconic memory - Visual information ; lasts 1 second
  • Echoic memory - Auditory information ; lasts 5-10 seconds

Short-Term Memory

  • Limited capacity memory system capable of holding a limited amount (7+/-2 chunks) of information for a short duration
  • Crucial for temporary storage of information retrieved from long-term memory
  • Duration is 5-20 seconds
  • Subject to loss through decay (gradual fading of information) and interference (other memories disrupting current ones)
  • Retroactive interference (new memories hinder retrieval of old ones)
  • Proactive interference (old memories hinder retrieval of new ones)

Short-Term/Working Memory

  • Chunking—combining individual items into larger units
  • Rehearsal (maintenance) is repeating information to retain it
  • Rehearsal (elaborative)—making information meaningful

Long-Term Memory

  • Vast capacity and virtually unlimited
  • Long duration (lasting decades or a lifetime)
  • Primacy effect—tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list more readily
  • Recency effect—tendency to remember items at the end of a list better
  • Von Restorff effect—distinctive items are more easily recalled
  • Depth of processing—more meaningful information is better remembered (visual, phonological, semantic processing)

Long-Term Memory Processes

  • Encoding — processing and transforming information so it can be stored.
  • Storage—maintaining information over time.
  • Retrieval—recovering information from storage.

Mnemonics

  • Memory aids (strategies)
  • PEGWORD, METHOD OF LOCI, and KEYWORD are mnemonics for remembering lists.

Long-Term Memory: Schemas

  • Organized mental models used to interpret new situations
  • Expectations influence memory
  • Schemas can distort memory

Measuring Memory

  • Recall: generating information previously remembered.
  • Recognition: selecting information from a set of options.
  • Relearning: how quickly information is relearned.

Savings Curve

  • Shows how much more quickly information is reacquired when it has been learned previously.

Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) Phenomenon

  • Feeling that information is known but cannot be retrieved

Encoding Specificity

  • Memory is enhanced when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions (e.g., context, state)

Biology of Memory

  • Karl Lashley's research on engrams (memory traces) suggested location is not crucial.
  • Donald Hebb proposed that memory is stored in assemblies of interconnected neurons; neurons that fire together, wire together.
  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) strengthens connections between neurons through repeated stimulation, which is important for forming and strengthening memories.
  • Glutamate plays a role in LTP.
  • Specific brain areas are involved in different aspects of memory (e.g., hippocampus, amygdala, cortex)

Types of Amnesia

  • Retrograde amnesia: Loss of past memories.
  • Anterograde amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
  • Infantile amnesia: Lack of memories from early childhood

Memory Development

  • Memory span increases with age due to biological maturation, improved conceptual understanding, and enhanced metamemory skills
  • Children use more memory strategies as they grow (repetition, mnemonics)

The Misinformation Effect

  • Distortion of memory due to misleading post-event information.

Implanted Memories

  • False memories can be implanted through suggestive questioning.
  • More easily implanted for plausible events and distant past events

The Recovered Memory Controversy

  • The accuracy of recovered memories (e.g., child sexual abuse) may be questionable due to suggestive techniques.

How Accurate is Memory

  • Eyewitness testimony is not always reliable due to distortions (e.g., leading questions, cross-race identification)
  • Children's testimony is also susceptible to distortions, especially at younger ages and with suggestive questioning.

The Manufacture of Memory

  • Memory is reconstructive, not a perfect recording.

Source Monitoring

  • Difficulty distinguishing the origins of events or memories.

Confabulation

  • Confusion of events that happened to someone else with personal experiences and/or a belief that a particular event was experienced when it did not occur.

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Description

Explore the different types of memory systems in this quiz, focusing on sensory memory and short-term memory. You'll learn about iconic and echoic memory, and how information is processed and lost over time. Test your understanding of concepts like chunking and interference effects.

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