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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Random Access Memory (RAM)?
What is the primary function of Random Access Memory (RAM)?
Which factor can lead to errors in judgments based on representativeness?
Which factor can lead to errors in judgments based on representativeness?
Which of the following outputs corresponds to the input (1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1) in content-addressable memory?
Which of the following outputs corresponds to the input (1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1) in content-addressable memory?
In state-dependent retrieval, what condition shows the highest mean number of words recalled for free recall?
In state-dependent retrieval, what condition shows the highest mean number of words recalled for free recall?
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What does insensitivity to sample size refer to in representativeness?
What does insensitivity to sample size refer to in representativeness?
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In the context of gambling, which is a common misconception of chance?
In the context of gambling, which is a common misconception of chance?
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According to the study by Eich et al. (1975), which drug condition resulted in the lowest mean number of words recalled in a sober test?
According to the study by Eich et al. (1975), which drug condition resulted in the lowest mean number of words recalled in a sober test?
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What is a possible outcome of the representativeness heuristic when predicting future performance?
What is a possible outcome of the representativeness heuristic when predicting future performance?
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What phenomenon does Marcel Proust's quote most significantly illustrate?
What phenomenon does Marcel Proust's quote most significantly illustrate?
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Which situation exemplifies base rate neglect?
Which situation exemplifies base rate neglect?
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What type of memory design allows for systematic addressing?
What type of memory design allows for systematic addressing?
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Which scenario would most likely present a state of uncertainty about perception?
Which scenario would most likely present a state of uncertainty about perception?
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What can insensitivity to predictability lead to in decision-making?
What can insensitivity to predictability lead to in decision-making?
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Which of these is an example of misconceptions of chance?
Which of these is an example of misconceptions of chance?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Random Access Memory and its importance?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Random Access Memory and its importance?
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In the context of the representativeness heuristic, what does the phrase 'paradigmatic example' refer to?
In the context of the representativeness heuristic, what does the phrase 'paradigmatic example' refer to?
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What does a low prior probability of H indicate regarding new evidence E?
What does a low prior probability of H indicate regarding new evidence E?
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What is the consequence of having a likelihood of Pr(E | H) similar to Pr(E | not H)?
What is the consequence of having a likelihood of Pr(E | H) similar to Pr(E | not H)?
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In the context of Bayesian Optimality, what is the recommended approach for combining discrepant cues?
In the context of Bayesian Optimality, what is the recommended approach for combining discrepant cues?
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What does the representativeness heuristic often lead to in decision making?
What does the representativeness heuristic often lead to in decision making?
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How is the relationship between a positive COVID test (E) and the actual infection (H) represented mathematically?
How is the relationship between a positive COVID test (E) and the actual infection (H) represented mathematically?
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What does Bayesian Suboptimality typically result in?
What does Bayesian Suboptimality typically result in?
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What is a potential consequence of having a prior belief of H as almost impossible?
What is a potential consequence of having a prior belief of H as almost impossible?
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What does a weighted average approach involve when assessing cues?
What does a weighted average approach involve when assessing cues?
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What is the range of values for the probability of an event?
What is the range of values for the probability of an event?
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What does the subjective probability represent?
What does the subjective probability represent?
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Using Bayes’s Theorem, how does a positive test affect the probability of having COVID when the prior probability is low?
Using Bayes’s Theorem, how does a positive test affect the probability of having COVID when the prior probability is low?
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Calculate the probability of rolling an even number with a fair six-sided die.
Calculate the probability of rolling an even number with a fair six-sided die.
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What is the formula used to calculate the conditional probability Pr(X | Y)?
What is the formula used to calculate the conditional probability Pr(X | Y)?
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In the context of rolling a die, what is the probability of rolling a number greater than or equal to 3?
In the context of rolling a die, what is the probability of rolling a number greater than or equal to 3?
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Which part of Bayes's Theorem represents the prior probability?
Which part of Bayes's Theorem represents the prior probability?
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If P(H)=0.1 and P(E | H)=0.7, what is the contribution of the prior probability to the overall probability calculation for a positive test?
If P(H)=0.1 and P(E | H)=0.7, what is the contribution of the prior probability to the overall probability calculation for a positive test?
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What is the probability of rolling a 6 given that an even number has been rolled?
What is the probability of rolling a 6 given that an even number has been rolled?
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Study Notes
Memory: Storage and Retrieval
- Memory involves the storage and retrieval of information.
- Random access memory (RAM) allows accessing data at any address.
- Data is stored in locations, that can be accessed by the memory address
- Specific addresses hold specific content/data.
Storage and Retrieval: Random Access Memory
- Data is stored in RAM using memory addresses.
- A given address holds a specific content(data).
- Input: specific memory address
- Output: retrieved content/data.
- Memory addresses can be systematic.
Storage and Retrieval: Content-addressable memory
- Accessing data via its content, not a unique address
- Input: the content
- Output: the address(es) matching the given content.
- Input data are processed to retrieve specific data
Storage and Retrieval: State-dependent retrieval
- Memory retrieval is often better when the retrieval context is the same as the learning context.
- Memory recall is influenced by the surrounding environment (e.g., underwater or on land).
- The state of the learner (sober or under the influence of drugs) also affects the retrieval process
Probabilistic Reasoning
- Understanding and navigating uncertain situations or situations with probabilities or likelihoods
- Evaluating outcomes based on available evidence and their probabilities.
Sources of Uncertainty
- Uncertainty about perception can involve situations where the perception of objects or events is unclear or ambiguous.
- Uncertainty about memory encompasses the gaps or inaccuracies in stored memories.
- Uncertainty about testimony addresses the reliability or validity of statements from a witness or source.
- Uncertainty about decisions involves situations where the outcomes or probabilities of different choices are uncertain, or there is a choice to be made based on uncertain information.
- Uncertainty about the future refers to situations where future events or outcomes are uncertain.
Probability
- Probability expresses the likelihood of an event's occurrence.
- Subjective probabilities are assessments based on individual reasoning.
- Probability is calculated by dividing the favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes
Bayes's Theorem
- A mathematical formula, used to update beliefs based on new evidence.
- Prior probability: Initial beliefs or assumptions.
- Likelihood: Probability of evidence given a hypothesis.
- Posterior probability: Updated beliefs or assumptions, incorporating new evidence.
Bayesian Optimality
- Utilizing prior knowledge and incorporating new evidence to make optimal decisions in uncertain situations.
- Considering the reliability of different cues for making judgements about the world around us.
- Making decisions that incorporate the likelihood of being correct/possible outcomes, using a weighted average based on the given cues/information
- Bayesian optimization approaches often use weighted averages to combine information from multiple sources, adjusting the weights based on their reliability.
Bayesian Suboptimality
- Demonstrates common biases in how people process information in uncertainty.
- Failures of information processing lead to decisions that deviate from optimal probabilistic calculations.
- Common instances of suboptimal thinking (e.g., representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic).
Metacognition
- Thinking about one's own thinking process.
- Evaluating and monitoring one's own cognitive processes.
- Ability to assess one's level of knowledge and understanding, and adapt learning strategies accordingly.
- Humans aren't always good at predicting what they can accomplish
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Description
Explore various techniques and concepts related to memory storage and retrieval. This quiz covers random access memory (RAM), content-addressable memory, and state-dependent retrieval. Test your understanding of how data is accessed and recalled in different contexts.
