Memory Overview and Encoding Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary process involved in transforming perceptions into memories?

  • Encoding (correct)
  • Rehearsal
  • Storage
  • Retrieval

    • Which type of encoding involves relating new information in a meaningful way to existing knowledge?

  • Organizational encoding
  • Contextual encoding
  • Visual imagery encoding
  • Semantic encoding (correct)

    • What was the result of the survival encoding tasks in the experiments?

  • Participants displayed superior memory recall. (correct)
  • Participants needed more time to encode memories.
  • Participants relied solely on organizational encoding.
  • Participants showed lower recall rates.

    • In the context of memory functions, which process is responsible for maintaining information over time?

    <p>Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encoding method involves categorizing information based on relationships among items?

    <p>Organizational encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>To enhance the flow of information between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily involved in controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation?

    <p>NMDA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the encoding specificity principle suggest about retrieval cues?

    <p>They enhance recall by recreating the initial encoding context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory involves the conscious or intentional retrieval of past experiences?

    <p>Explicit memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of state-dependent retrieval?

    <p>Improves recall when encoding and retrieval states match</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about implicit memory is true?

    <p>It can influence behavior without awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phenomenon of priming involve?

    <p>Increased ability to think of a stimulus after recent exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes procedural memory?

    <p>It is a gradual acquisition of skills through practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory holds sensory information for a few seconds or less?

    <p>Sensory storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short-term memory (STM)?

    <p>Can store information indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of combining small pieces of information into larger chunks called?

    <p>Chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of working memory, which component is responsible for processing visual and spatial information?

    <p>Visuo-spatial sketchpad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition describes the inability to retrieve information acquired before an injury or operation?

    <p>Retrograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process helps to stabilize memories after they have been initially formed?

    <p>Consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to memories during reconsolidation?

    <p>They may become vulnerable to disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the capacity of long-term memory (LTM)?

    <p>Unlimited and can last for years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does absentmindedness primarily involve?

    <p>Lapses in attention leading to memory failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory failure is characterized by increased difficulty in retrieving available information?

    <p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the feeling of knowing something but being unable to retrieve it?

    <p>Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive process is influenced by present knowledge and beliefs when recalling past events?

    <p>Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of memory misattribution involves recalling events inaccurately due to external suggestions?

    <p>Suggestibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is closely involved in the phenomena of misattribution and blocking?

    <p>Frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about childhood amnesia is true?

    <p>It is a common type of forgetting experienced by many individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What external factors can influence suggestibility in memory recall?

    <p>Social pressures and visual imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the tendency to exaggerate the differences between current beliefs and past beliefs?

    <p>Change bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by a detailed recollection of shocking events?

    <p>Flashbulb memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to individuals with amygdala damage in terms of remembering emotional experiences?

    <p>They remember emotional events as well as nonemotional ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the intrusive recollection of events that a person wishes to forget?

    <p>Persistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is characterized by a lack of familiarity with an experience that should be familiar?

    <p>Jamais Vu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'cryptomnesia'?

    <p>The belief that a memory is original when it is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bias is linked to reconstructing past events to fit current feelings?

    <p>Consistency bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of emotional experiences on memory retention?

    <p>Emotional experiences are remembered better than unemotional ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory allows for the visualization of personal futures through creative thinking?

    <p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are primarily involved in perceptual priming?

    <p>Visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of forgetting described by decay theory?

    <p>Memories fade due to lack of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interference occurs when previously learned information disrupts the recall of new information?

    <p>Proactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the memory failures listed?

    <p>Confabulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the forgetting curve?

    <p>Rapid memory loss followed by stable retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of divergent creative thinking?

    <p>Coupling executive and core networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory represents a network of associated facts and concepts?

    <p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of maintaining information in memory over time called?

    <p>Storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which encoding method transforms new information into mental pictures?

    <p>Visual imagery encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the various encoding tasks tested, which condition yielded the best memory recall?

    <p>Survival-encoding condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does survival-related information have on memory encoding?

    <p>It enhances memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is involved when existing knowledge helps to understand new information?

    <p>Semantic encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of short-term memory (STM)?

    <p>It can hold about seven items for more than a few seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process refers to the act of maintaining information in short-term memory through repetition?

    <p>Rehearsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amnesia involves the inability to transfer new information to long-term memory?

    <p>Anterograde amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is crucial for the consolidation of memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process do memories become vulnerable to disruption?

    <p>Reconsolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of long-term memory (LTM)?

    <p>It retains information for hours, days, weeks, or years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do retrieval cues play in memory recall?

    <p>They help to bring associated information to mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism helps store and manipulate information actively in working memory?

    <p>Episodic buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the fast-decaying store of auditory information?

    <p>Echoic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle suggests that memory recall is better when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding?

    <p>Encoding specificity principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of the act of retrieval on memory?

    <p>It can strengthen a retrieved memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory does NOT rely on the hippocampus?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the gradual acquisition of skills through practice?

    <p>Procedural memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for enhanced ability to think of a stimulus due to recent exposure?

    <p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the effect of matching encoding and retrieval contexts?

    <p>It generally enhances recall across most types of memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does implicit memory differ from explicit memory?

    <p>Implicit memory influences behavior without awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a lapse in attention that results in memory failure?

    <p>Absentmindedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason suggestibility can lead to false memories?

    <p>External pressures and misleading information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the frontal lobe in memory misattribution?

    <p>Assigning recollections to the wrong source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is particularly affected by absentmindedness?

    <p>Prospective memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does blocking typically manifest in the context of memory recall?

    <p>Inability to retrieve information despite it being stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes a feeling of familiarity for something that has never been encountered before?

    <p>False recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can increase blocking, particularly in older individuals?

    <p>Memory injuries or cognitive decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type specifically relates to personal experiences that occurred at a specific time and place?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of emotional experiences on memory retention?

    <p>Emotional experiences are better remembered than unemotional ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of transience in memory failures?

    <p>Forgetting is rapid and then stabilizes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by vivid recollections of shocking events?

    <p>Flashbulb memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of priming is associated with the activation of the visual cortex during memory retrieval?

    <p>Perceptual priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does decay theory suggest about how memories fade away?

    <p>Memories become less accessible with time if not practiced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tendency to exaggerate how different we feel now compared to the past called?

    <p>Change bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory phenomenon involves mistakenly believing an idea is your original creation?

    <p>Cryptomnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the phenomenon where learning new information disrupts the recall of previously learned information?

    <p>Retroactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to individuals with amygdala damage regarding emotional events?

    <p>They cannot remember emotional events any better than nonemotional ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of episodic memory in relation to divergent creative thinking?

    <p>Facilitates imaginative scenarios of the future</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intrusion of unwanted memories that a person wishes to forget called?

    <p>Persistence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory failure involves the difficulty in recalling information that's accessible?

    <p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is primarily involved in our general knowledge of the world, including facts and concepts?

    <p>Semantic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes experiencing a situation with a lack of familiarity when it should be familiar?

    <p>Jamais Vu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive aspect of the seven sins of memory?

    <p>They help to filter out unnecessary information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of consciousness?

    <p>A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Descartes, what is the site of the mind?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the four basic principles of consciousness?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the tendency of suppressed thought to return to consciousness?

    <p>Rebound effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used by Freud to describe the active system of the unconscious?

    <p>Dynamic unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cognitive unconscious includes all mental processes, even those that are experienced by the person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories suggests that the brain tries to make sense of random neural activity during sleep?

    <p>Activation-synthesis model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a state of altered consciousness that departs from the normal subjective experience?

    <p>Altered state of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sleep disorder?

    <p>Dream amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    REM sleep deprivation has less detrimental effects than slow-wave sleep deprivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five major characteristics that distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness?

    <p>Intense emotion, illogical thought, meaningful sensation, uncritical acceptance, difficulty remembering dreams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the apparent topic or superficial meaning of a dream?

    <p>Manifest content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is particularly active during dreaming, according to fMRI scans?

    <p>Brain regions involved in emotion and visual imagery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of psychoactive drugs includes caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, and cocaine?

    <p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a drug that is believed to increase the risk of using more harmful drugs?

    <p>Gateway drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of psychoactive drugs does alcohol belong to?

    <p>Depressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading to simple responses to complex situations?

    <p>Alcohol myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of drugs include heroin, morphine, and methadone?

    <p>Narcotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and PCP?

    <p>Hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Overview

    • Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
    • Key functions of memory include encoding, storage, and retrieval.
    • Encoding transforms perceptions, thoughts, and feelings into enduring memories.
    • Storage maintains information in memory over time.
    • Retrieval brings previously encoded and stored information to mind.

    Encoding

    • Memories are created by combining existing information with new information.
    • Memories are constructed.
    • Three main encoding methods:
      • Semantic encoding: actively relating new information to existing knowledge.
      • Visual imagery encoding: storing information as mental pictures.
      • Organizational encoding: categorizing information based on relationships.
    • Encoding of survival-related information is particularly effective, possibly due to evolutionary pressures.

    Storage

    • Sensory storage holds sensory information for a short period (seconds or less).
      • Iconic memory: fast-decaying store of visual information.
      • Echoic memory: fast-decaying store of auditory information.
    • Short-term memory (STM) holds non-sensory information for a few seconds to minutes, typically around 7 items.
      • Rehearsal: keeping information in STM through mental repetition.
      • Chunking: combining small pieces of information into larger clusters.
    • Working memory actively maintains information in STM.
      • Working memory model comprises subsystems like visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop.

    Long-Term Memory

    • Long-term memory (LTM) stores information for hours, days, weeks, or years, with no known capacity limits.
    • People can recall items from LTM even after significant time lapses without revisiting the information.
    • The hippocampus plays a critical role in transferring information from short-term to long-term storage.
      • Anterograde amnesia: inability to transfer new information into LTM after damage to the hippocampus.
      • Retrograde amnesia: inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular injury or event affecting the hippocampus.
      • Consolidation: process where memories become stable in the brain.
      • Reconsolidation: memories can become vulnerable and need to be consolidated again when recalled.
    • Research suggests that connections (synapses) between neurons, especially in the hippocampus, strengthen memories through long-term potentiation (LTP).
      • NMDA receptor is a key receptor site in the hippocampus, influencing information flow and LTP.

    Retrieval

    • Retrieving memories is aided by retrieval cues.
      • Retrieval cues are external events associated with stored information that facilitate bringing the information to mind.
      • Encoding specificity principle: retrieval cues serve as effective reminders if the cue recreates the specific way information was encoded.
      • State-dependent retrieval: recalling information better when the encoding and retrieval states are similar.
      • Transfer-appropriate processing: memory is more likely to transfer when encoding and retrieval contexts match.
    • Retrieval can strengthen memories, especially those in long-term memory, but it can also lead to forgetting or change subsequent memory.

    Memory Failures

    • Transience: forgetting over time.
    • Absentmindedness: lapses in attention.
    • Blocking: temporary inability to retrieve information.
    • Memory misattribution: assigning a recollection to the wrong source.
    • Suggestibility: incorporating misleading information into recollections.
    • Bias: distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollections of past experiences.
      • Consistency bias: reconstructing the past to fit the present.
      • Change bias: exaggerating differences between past and present.
      • Egocentric bias: exaggerating personal changes for self-enhancement.
    • Persistence: intrusive recollections of unwanted events (e.g., flashbulb memories).

    Types of Memory

    • Explicit memory: conscious, intentional retrieval of past experiences.
      • Semantic memory: network of associated facts and concepts.
      • Episodic memory: collection of personal experiences.
    • Implicit memory: influence of past experiences on behavior without conscious recollection.
      • Procedural memory: gradual acquisition of skills.
      • Priming: enhanced ability to think of a stimulus because of recent exposure.
        • Perceptual priming
        • Conceptual priming

    Other Memory Mishaps

    • Jamais Vu: feeling of unfamiliarity with a familiar experience.
    • Time-Gap Experience: failure to recall completing a task.
    • Cryptomnesia: believing a memory is original when it's actually a memory of someone else's creation.

    Amygdala's Influence

    • The amygdala, located near the hippocampus, responds strongly to emotional events, playing a role in emotional memory.
    • Damage to the amygdala can impair the ability to remember emotional events.

    Sins/Virtues

    • Each of the "seven sins" or memory errors has costs and benefits.
    • Errors can have an adaptive function since they allow for flexibility and change.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of memory, including its functions of encoding, storage, and retrieval. This quiz covers various encoding methods and the significance of sensory storage. Test your knowledge on how memories are constructed and maintained over time.

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