Memory Overview and Encoding Techniques

<p>Storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organizational encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the flow of information between neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NMDA receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance recall by recreating the initial encoding context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explicit memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improves recall when encoding and retrieval states match (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can influence behavior without awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased ability to think of a stimulus after recent exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a gradual acquisition of skills through practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can store information indefinitely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chunking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visuo-spatial sketchpad (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde amnesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may become vulnerable to disruption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unlimited and can last for years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lapses in attention leading to memory failures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suggestibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a common type of forgetting experienced by many individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social pressures and visual imagery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flashbulb memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They remember emotional events as well as nonemotional ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jamais Vu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The belief that a memory is original when it is not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistency bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional experiences are remembered better than unemotional ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memories fade due to lack of attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proactive interference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confabulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid memory loss followed by stable retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coupling executive and core networks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic Memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual imagery encoding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survival-encoding condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances memory recall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic encoding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can hold about seven items for more than a few seconds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rehearsal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterograde amnesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reconsolidation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It retains information for hours, days, weeks, or years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help to bring associated information to mind. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic buffer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Echoic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encoding specificity principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can strengthen a retrieved memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming (B), Procedural memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procedural memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Priming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generally enhances recall across most types of memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implicit memory influences behavior without awareness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absentmindedness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External pressures and misleading information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assigning recollections to the wrong source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prospective memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to retrieve information despite it being stored (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False recognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory injuries or cognitive decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional experiences are better remembered than unemotional ones. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forgetting is rapid and then stabilizes over time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flashbulb memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceptual priming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memories become less accessible with time if not practiced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptomnesia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroactive interference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot remember emotional events any better than nonemotional ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates imaginative scenarios of the future (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semantic memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jamais Vu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help to filter out unnecessary information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebound effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamic unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation-synthesis model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered state of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dream amnesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intense emotion, illogical thought, meaningful sensation, uncritical acceptance, difficulty remembering dreams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifest content</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain regions involved in emotion and visual imagery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gateway drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depressants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Memory involves storing and retrieving information over time, with core functions being encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Transforming information into a form for storage in memory. This can involve linking new info to existing knowledge, creating mental images, or organizing information.

Encoding that connects new information to existing knowledge by actively relating it meaningfully.

Encoding by creating mental pictures to store information.

Encoding information pertaining to survival and planning. This type of encoding often results in better memory than other encoding methods.

Brief storage of sensory information (visual or auditory).

Temporarily holds information for a few seconds to a minute, limited capacity.

Active part of STM, temporarily stores and manipulates information.

Stores information for extended periods (hours to years), vast capacity.

Brain structure critical for transferring information from STM to LTM.

Process of making memories stable in the brain.

Memories are vulnerable to changes when retrieved, requiring re-strengthening.

Inability to form new long-term memories.

A process that strengthens the connection between neurons, making communication easier. It involves changes in synaptic connections, making pathways more efficient.

A type of receptor on the hippocampus that plays a crucial role in LTP. It controls the flow of information between neurons, essentially acting as a gatekeeper.

External information that helps us access stored information in our long-term memory. They act as triggers, reminding us of something we've forgotten.

Suggests that remembering information is easier when the retrieval situation is similar to the encoding situation. This includes the context, mood, and physical state.

We recall information better when in the same internal state (e.g., mood, drug state) during encoding and retrieval.

Memory transfers better when the encoding and retrieval situations match the type of processing used.

When new information makes it harder to recall old information.

When old information makes it harder to recall new information.

Inability to recall memories from early childhood, usually before the age of 3-4.

Forgetting due to lapses in attention.

Remembering to do things in the future.

Inability to retrieve information, even when you're trying.

Assigning a memory to the wrong source.

Incorporating misleading information into personal memories.

Memory that is not consciously recalled; it is an unconscious influence on behaviors and thoughts. For example, learning the alphabet, riding a bike, or tying your shoes.

When exposure to one stimulus influences your response to a subsequent stimulus. It can be perceptual or conceptual.

Priming that affects perception, typically using visual stimuli. It activates regions at the back of the brain, like the visual cortex.

Priming that affects your understanding of concepts. It activates regions at the front of the brain, like the frontal lobes.

General knowledge about the world: facts, concepts, and meanings.

The collection of personal experiences. It is like a mental time travel that allows you to remember specific events, places, and times.

We forget information over time because it is not accessed or used regularly. It's like a path in the forest that fades if no one walks on it.

Forgetting is caused by competing information either learned before or after the target material.

Tendency to reshape past memories to align with our current beliefs and feelings.

Overestimating the difference between how we feel now and how we felt in the past.

Exaggerating past changes to make ourselves look good in retrospect.

Intrusive, unwanted recollection of events, often after traumatic experiences.

A vivid, detailed recollection of when and where we learned about a shocking event.

The amygdala processes emotions and strengthens memories linked to strong emotions.

Feeling of unfamiliarity with a situation or experience that you should recognize.

Completing a task but having no memory of doing so.

Categorizing information based on relationships between items. It's like creating folders and filing documents in an organized way.

A fast-decaying store of visual information. Like a snapshot that quickly fades.

A fast-decaying store of auditory information. Like the lingering sound of a bell after it stops ringing.

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things.

A person's subjective experience of the world and their mind.

The study of how things appear to the person who is conscious, their subjective experience.

The fundamental difficulty in understanding the consciousness of other people.

The question of how the mind is related to the brain and body.

Consciousness being directed toward an object or idea.

Consciousness resisting division, meaning that it's a unified experience.

Consciousness choosing some objects or ideas to focus on and ignoring others.

Consciousness constantly changing, flowing like a stream.

The lowest level of consciousness, where you are aware but not actively thinking.

A state of active awareness where you are fully engaged in what you are doing.

Awareness of oneself as an individual, distinct from the world.

The attempt to change or regulate your own conscious states of mind.

The deliberate avoidance of specific thoughts.

The tendency for a thought to return to consciousness with increased frequency after being suppressed.

Freud's concept of an active system that includes hidden memories, instincts, and internal conflicts.

The process of pushing unwanted thoughts and memories into the unconscious.

Mental processes that influence thoughts, emotions, and behaviors without conscious awareness.

The idea that two different systems in the brain process information: one fast and automatic, the other slow and conscious.

A form of experience that deviates from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Sleep evolved to protect us from predators and conserve energy during times of inactivity.

Sleep allows the brain and body to repair and replenish depleted resources.

A naturally occurring 24-hour cycle that regulates sleep and wakefulness.

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and increased brain activity.

Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

A condition characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep.

A disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming sleep attacks.

The apparent topic or superficial meaning of a dream.

The true or underlying meaning of a dream.

The theory that dreams arise from the brain imposing meaning on random neural activity during sleep.

Substances that slow down the activity of the central nervous system.

Substances that excite the central nervous system, increasing arousal and activity levels.

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain.

Drugs that alter sensations and perceptions, often causing hallucinations.

A plant containing THC, a psychoactive drug that produces mild hallucinogenic effects.