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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of memory management?
What is the primary goal of memory management?
- To create new processes as needed
- To remove fragmentation completely
- To maximize memory usage and simplify access for programs (correct)
- To maintain physical addresses only
What is meant by 'address space'?
What is meant by 'address space'?
- The size of memory in the system
- The number of processes that can run simultaneously
- All memory locations a program can name (correct)
- The space allocated for physical memory
Which type of partitioning divides memory into fixed-sized segments?
Which type of partitioning divides memory into fixed-sized segments?
- Fixed partitioning (correct)
- Dynamic partitioning
- Variable partitioning
- Overlaid partitioning
What is external fragmentation?
What is external fragmentation?
What is the purpose of translating virtual addresses?
What is the purpose of translating virtual addresses?
In the context of memory management, what does 'allocation' refer to?
In the context of memory management, what does 'allocation' refer to?
Which of the following describes single tasking with overlay?
Which of the following describes single tasking with overlay?
What does internal fragmentation refer to?
What does internal fragmentation refer to?
What is the primary purpose of using overlays in a process?
What is the primary purpose of using overlays in a process?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using overlays?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using overlays?
In a single-tasking OS environment, what is a key characteristic of overlay management?
In a single-tasking OS environment, what is a key characteristic of overlay management?
How does memory partitioning improve memory management?
How does memory partitioning improve memory management?
Which method of memory partitioning divides memory into fixed-sized sections?
Which method of memory partitioning divides memory into fixed-sized sections?
What is a common reason developers implement overlays in programming?
What is a common reason developers implement overlays in programming?
What happens to the previously used memory space when new instructions are loaded using overlays?
What happens to the previously used memory space when new instructions are loaded using overlays?
Why is the design of the overlay structure considered complex?
Why is the design of the overlay structure considered complex?
What is the primary responsibility of a memory manager?
What is the primary responsibility of a memory manager?
What is a logical address in terms of memory management?
What is a logical address in terms of memory management?
Which registers define the logical address space in a computer system?
Which registers define the logical address space in a computer system?
In the context of address binding, what happens during loading?
In the context of address binding, what happens during loading?
What does swapping in memory management achieve?
What does swapping in memory management achieve?
How does the overlay technique in memory management work?
How does the overlay technique in memory management work?
What is the purpose of address binding during the execution time?
What is the purpose of address binding during the execution time?
Which best describes physical addresses in memory management?
Which best describes physical addresses in memory management?
What does variable partitioning allow in terms of memory allocation?
What does variable partitioning allow in terms of memory allocation?
In fixed memory partitioning, what is a key characteristic of each partition?
In fixed memory partitioning, what is a key characteristic of each partition?
What can be a result of memory partitioning techniques?
What can be a result of memory partitioning techniques?
What does the best fit memory allocation strategy aim to do?
What does the best fit memory allocation strategy aim to do?
How does fixed partitioning affect the degree of multiprogramming?
How does fixed partitioning affect the degree of multiprogramming?
What happens when a process in a fixed partition system terminates?
What happens when a process in a fixed partition system terminates?
Which algorithm specifically allocates memory by selecting the first suitable space available?
Which algorithm specifically allocates memory by selecting the first suitable space available?
What is the main difference between internal and external fragmentation?
What is the main difference between internal and external fragmentation?
What is external fragmentation?
What is external fragmentation?
What causes internal fragmentation?
What causes internal fragmentation?
Which memory partitioning technique leads to external fragmentation?
Which memory partitioning technique leads to external fragmentation?
What is the result of compaction in memory management?
What is the result of compaction in memory management?
When does fragmentation typically occur?
When does fragmentation typically occur?
What type of fragmentation results from fixed memory allocation leading to wasted space?
What type of fragmentation results from fixed memory allocation leading to wasted space?
Which of the following best describes the effect of fragmentation on memory management?
Which of the following best describes the effect of fragmentation on memory management?
What is the main disadvantage of external fragmentation?
What is the main disadvantage of external fragmentation?
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Study Notes
Memory Management
- The organization of programs and data within memory.
- Memory Management aims to simplify space allocation for programs and maximize memory usage.
- Key responsibilities include tracking memory usage, allocating/de-allocating memory, and ensuring efficient sharing among multiple processes.
Address Space Basics
- Defines all memory locations a program can access.
- Virtual address refers to addresses within the process's address space.
- Physical address corresponds to the actual memory location.
- Translation involves mapping virtual addresses to physical addresses.
Single Tasking with Overlay
- Implemented in a single-tasking OS environment.
- Enables running larger programs by loading necessary components (overlays) into memory as required.
Memory Partitioning
- Dividing the memory space into separate sections, improving efficiency in allocating space to processes.
- Two types: Fixed Partitioning and Variable Partitioning
Fixed Partitioning
- Divides memory into fixed-sized partitions.
- Each partition can hold only one process at a time.
- The degree of multi-programming is limited to the number of partitions available.
- When a partition becomes free, a process is selected from the input queue and loaded.
Variable Partitioning
- Divides memory based on process requirements.
- Processes can be loaded into any available space.
- Three allocation methods are: First Fit, Best Fit, and Worst Fit.
- First Fit: Allocates the first space available to fit the process.
- Best Fit: Allocates the smallest space that will fit the process.
- Worst Fit: Allocates the largest space available.
Fragmentation
- Occurs when memory spaces are used in a way that leaves small unused pieces of memory.
- Two Types: Internal Fragmentation and External Fragmentation
Internal Fragmentation
- Wasted space within allocated memory blocks.
- Occurs when extra memory space is allocated to a process, but not used.
- Common in fixed partitioning, as the unused space cannot be allocated elsewhere.
External Fragmentation
- Small free spaces that cannot be used for new allocations, as they are not contiguous.
- More common in variable partitioning.
Resolving External Fragmentation
- Compaction is often used to resolve external fragmentation.
- It shuffles all free memory spaces together to form a large, usable block.
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